The Fast-Food Industry in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Fast-Food Industry in USA - Essay Example In spite of the positive side that drive-through joints appreciate as to deals and incomes, they have similarly gotten a decent amount of analysis. The vast majority of the pundits against the business center around the negative wellbeing impacts that accompany utilization of quick nourishments. Cheap food chains hit the features after buyer gatherings, similar to the Center for Science in the Public Interest asserted that items from the business had stressing measure of fats, caloric substance and part estimates. Deplorably, Animal rights activists express that creatures underway plants spend their whole carries on with in amazingly grievous conditions. Minimal outside air, field and common light were likewise located. On a similar note, creatures in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations are routinely kept on anti-microbials that for quite a while now have been connected with the reason for anti-toxin opposition in people after proceeded with utilization of quick foods.After massiv e weight from purchasers, McDonald’s as of late reported that it would scrap out the deals of meat rewarded with human anti-microbials. The move gives McDonald's’ a solid upper hand over other inexpensive food chains like Chick Fill A, Wendy’s and Burger King who are yet to openly declare the execution of such a program. The move is likewise invited by the open who have since quite a while ago pushed for creation of anti-infection free meat from inexpensive food chains. It is presently a speculating game for showcase experts as some currently indicate that customers will start demonstrating inclination towards McDonald’s anti-infection free items.

Developed and emerging markets firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Created and developing markets firm - Essay Example Until this point in time, developing markets have become the best worldwide development driver. This has offered ascend to a discussion concerning why one needs to put resources into the developing markets. There are numerous reasons that can make a financial specialist to think about putting resources into these locales. This paper investigates the explanations behind created and developing business sector firms putting resources into each other’s home locales. The paper likewise clarifies why reasons of these sort and section technique accessibility varied for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in rising and created economies. A speculator may put resources into a developing business sector so as to put resources into a locale that has shown some extensive development right now and later on. These nations have a future that is predictable. Exploration done by the worldwide financial store announced that the rising economies have an a few possibility of becoming quicker than the nations that are created. Such an account development is incredibly fundamental for financial specialists that may neglect to be educated on the bull patterns of the noticeable Wall Street. As a rule, corporate benefits are seen to be developing at a rate that is quick at whatever point the monetary development of a nation or district is high. For instance, US organizations have expanded their net revenue over the most recent a year because of the developing non-US markets. Other than this, some open financial specialists have still thought to be developing markets as underweight particularly in their portfolios. Moreover, the rising economies gives expanded enhancement as they seem to perform uniquely in contrast to the business sectors that are created. This is a critical advantage towards a financial specialist. Developing markets are likewise considered as business sectors that have prevailing with regards to decoupling of the long haul and greatest West develop economies hards hips. For instance, the Market Stanley record is a developing business sector that comprise of Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Columbia, Egypt, Israel, Czech Republic, Hungary, Indonesia, India, Korea, Jordan, Mexico, Malaysia, Morocco, Peru, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Taiwan, Venezuela, Thailand, South Africa, and Turkey (McAllister, 2006). In contrast with West nations, various developing markets are typically well resourced, have a work power that is youthful and accounting reports that are solid. For instance, India and China together have a populace that is around multiple times that of the whole world. In this regard, advertises that are rising do speak to around eighty six percent of the number of inhabitants on the planet, seventy five percent of the landmass of the world, and around 50% of the development local result of the world. By and large, developing markets, are shown in various structures and sizes. In this regard, there are insignificant similitudes between the structures of fund and the profits drives on speculations. For example, money related frameworks and an exceptionally evolved economy like South Korea and the boondocks markets have restricted likenesses. Then again, in developing markets, the GDP per capita is typically higher than in the more unfortunate created nations. For example, Taiwan and Korea have a for every capita of about $22,000, which is a high proportion edge contrasted with various European nations (McAllister, 2006). Be that as it may, some developing markets have incredibly low proportions like India. India has a GDP of about $ 1500. The nations of the boondocks are viewed as extraordinary. Nations like Qatar and Kuwait conditions of oil are the wealthiest nations in

Alcoholic Beverage and Personal Communication Essay

Presentation The utilization of a scope of medication types, including liquor, are a piece of the customs of many, if not all, networks in Fiji. The Fijian and Indo-Fijian people group have long conventions of psycho-dynamic medication use with regards to custom and function. 1,2 It has been noticed that sailors, along with contracted workers, carried cannabis or Indian hemp customs to Fiji, with the sugar stick estates giving ripe ground to development. 2,3 Meanwhile, kava was broadly developed and devoured by ethnic Fijians. The Indo-Fijian people group gradually embraced kava drinking ceremonies and bit by bit others started to build their utilization. Also, maryjane use developed and spread with expanding prevalence among youth, particularly guys. 2-5 This writing survey investigates the current licit and illegal medication circumstance in Fiji. It considers peer-surveyed articles identi? ed utilizing Pub Med, Health Internet Work Access to Research Initiative (HINARI) look and Ëœgrey writing, including distributed and unpublished reports, and online assets (for example UNDOC, WHO). The audit found that there is constrained information accessible to help with understanding the present circumstance and related damages in Fiji, however notes more examinations and reports have analyzed liquor utilization designs and related social issues when contrasted and concentrates on illegal medication use. 1, 5-15 Alcohol use in Fiji According to the WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol, information from the 1993 National Nutrition Survey demonstrate that utilization of alcoholic homemade libation use is across the board in Fiji, as in other Paci? c countries. These drinks for the most part contain up to multiple times the liquor substance of industrially created lager and are for the most part smashed by more youthful men. 16 After 1995, unrecorded liquor utilization in Fiji was evaluated to be 1. 0 liter of unadulterated liquor per capita for the populace more established than 15 years (assessed by a gathering of key liquor specialists). 17 Although there are no as of late distributed insights on the quantity of consumers and teetotalers, a similar study saw day by day consumers as 1. 4% among guys and 0. 8% among females matured 12 years and over. 18 Estimates from liquor specialists show that the extent of grown-up guys and females who had been avoiding (in the year preceding the review) was 74% (guys) and 98% (females). 17 Research shows that solitary drinking meetings with a high pace of liquor consumption (normal practice among Fijian youth) can cause sudden emotional episodes bringing about viciousness, mishaps and ? ghts, overstated feelings, unique conduct, memory misfortune, hindered judgment, correspondence issues, sluggishness, extreme lethargies, trance and passing (at exceptionally high admission) and self destruction endeavors. Hitting the bottle hard has likewise been involved in schizophrenic and other mental scenes. 19 165 REVIEW PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG MARCH 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 While there is restricted current data on the rate and utilization examples of liquor, cannabis and kava among youthful people,1,6,9 a few studies2,3,8,11 were directed to break down the degree of tobacco and liquor use among youngsters in Fiji during the 1990s and mid 2000s. One of the studies4 found that liquor is broadly devoured in some structure among youngsters, with around 2 of every 5 of the youngsters overviewed having tasted it. The level of youngsters classi? ed as present consumers extended from a high of 26% among guys to 9% among females. 4 Of concern was the high extent of gorge consumers: around 3 of every 5 youngsters detailed having had at least 5 mixed beverages in a single meeting. The study4 demonstrated that the high pervasiveness among 13-multi year olds represents a genuine concern, and features the requirement for law authorization and mediation projects to make a domain that advances mindful drinking. Strikingly, the examination found that when contrasted with smoking, liquor and kava use, the extent of youngsters utilizing cannabis was moderately low. 4 A subsequent overview of 2147 understudies in 2004 by the National Substance Abuse Advisory Council (NSAAC) found a general increment in substance use among auxiliary understudies (see table 1). Table 1: Youth Substance Use in Fiji (Comparison of the outcomes for Fiji in the 1999 Global Youth Tobacco Survey by UNICEF and WHO and 2004 follow up review by NSAAC). Substance Tobacco Alcohol Kava Marijuana GYT Survey (1999) 32. 3 40. 3 51. 9 12. 8 NSAAC (2004) 43 51 61 13 Signi? cant varieties exist in the drinking propensities for guys and females in Fiji; there are a lot more male consumers than there are female consumers. 11 Ordinarily guys expend the main part of the liquor in the organization of different guys, for the most part during drinking meetings with no extraordinary event, while most ladies drink liquor during social capacities or in night club settings in the organization of men and other ladies. While ladies at times take an interest in drinking meetings, commonly it is an only male action. 11,13 It is at these drinking parties where the most bountiful measures of liquor are apparently devoured. Accordingly, when guys drink, they will in general beverage bigger measures of liquor at a time than ladies do. Illegal medication use in Fiji Border Security and Drug Control Limited information exist to help in understanding unlawful medication use and the related damages over the Paci? c. Likewise, there are no reconnaissance frameworks. 20 However, Fiji by uprightness of its geological position is confronted with the twin issues of illegal medication traf? cking and expanding use. 21,22 These are additionally exasperated by the quick transitional and social changes emerging from urbanization. These advancements make an air which opens whole networks to more serious hazard related with tranquilize use (Personal correspondence Fiji Police Department, 2008). Insignificant utilization of medications, for example, heroin, morphine, cocaine and psychedelic drugs happen, yet this survey found that Fiji is viewed as a travel zone for sneaking. [20-23]. Medications, for example, heroin, methamphetamines and 166 PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG MARCH 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 REVIEW cocaine are not normally utilized because of their significant expense when contrasted with the normal pay. Crude cocaine has purportedly been found in Fiji and three Chinese men and a Fijian security watch were killed in what was believed to be a sorted out wrongdoing execution connected to drugs. 22 National implementation offices have reacted to check traf? cking as is re? ected by the huge seizures of illegal medications. 24,25 disregarding this reaction, a medication research center found in Fiji in 200625 backings the view that composed wrongdoing gatherings could raise their exercises in the Paci? c islands. 21,25 An attack at a modern home in Suva, including police from Australia and New Zealand and Fijian Customs Of? cer followed a significant heroin seizure in 2000. 21,25] The lab identi? cation additionally proposes a change of Fiji (and conceivably other Paci? c Nations) from a transhipment point to a creation base. As per the New Zealand Police, to prevail in future activities like the Suva bust, intrigued offices need to progress in the direction of having Å"robust correspondence systems  across associations to keep them associated and educated on wrongdoing in the locale. 21 It is accounted for that there are around 5000 vessels traveling in the Paci? c on some random day. 21,24 Large shipments might be emptied from a mother boat to littler vessels, and can along these lines go sequestered from everything at the some little, uninhibited islets and atolls, sitting tight for the subsequent stage. 21 Fiji has as of late settled a Transnational Crime Unit (TCU) with the Fiji Islands Revenue and Customs Authority (FIRCA) as one of the key law implementation offices included. This unit has been careful in advancing the participation between fringe associations so as to help the TCU in controlling the outskirts. 24 The Unit additionally assembles information for knowledge chance appraisals consistently. It underpins a Case Management Intelligence System (CMIS), whereby important data from the Police Department, Immigration Department, Local Government Authorities, Financial Intelligence Unit, and other Law Enforcement Agencies24 are naturally connected in the framework. Various cases which the TCU have been exploring incorporate a Tongan organization pirating drugs from Fiji to Tonga. In an ongoing case of program participation various TCU reconnaissance targets were captured during a Police barricade in Sigatoka (individual correspondence, FIRCA, 2008). Residential Issues Cannabis is by a long shot the most well-known and far reaching illegal medication utilized in Fiji. 11 Like numerous different nations in the locale, episodic proof recommends there has been an impressive increment in medicate use among youthful people4 notwithstanding the moderately little increment proposed by the 2004 NSAAC study (see table 1). In any case, it isn't clear if the two investigations they detailed were legitimately equivalent. Information gathered by the St Giles Hospital and the Fijian Police Department bolster the view there has been an expansion being used. Affirmations information for St Giles Hospital gives an account of cannabis instigated psychosis and different issue. In 1987, ? ve youngsters were admitted to St Giles Hospital with cannabis related mental issue. In 1988, the number rose to ? fteen with a lot progressively unreported cases. 26 The 2005 medical clinic information uncovered that an aggregate of 612 patients were seen at outpatients office determined to have a substance misuse issue. These included 386 (63%) patients for maryjane, 59 (10%) liquor, 99 (16%) kava and 99 (16%) tobacco use issues. In 2006, 272 admissions to St Giles Hospital were accounted for as medication related, comprising of 66% Fijians, 20% Indo-Fijian and 14% have a place with other ethnic gatherings. It is likely that the political difficulties in 2006 affected on the quantity of affirmations, however no information were accessible to con? rm or dismiss this view. Police capture information report ownership (see Table 2). 8,13,26 Statistics gave by Fiji Police indicated 259 drugrelated violations were submitted in 2008. There was a 21 percent drop from 2007 which had

Film and Television Genres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film and Television Genres - Essay Example There are such a significant number of various film sorts that are available in the media world today, and albeit some of them surely have their likenesses, they considerably more so have their disparities, and by comprehension about both the similitudes and contrasts of each film class, we will have the option to get a substantially more mindful and basic comprehension on every single one. What is significantly more, by examining all the distinctive film type's we won't just have the option to turn out to be progressively educated on the class, however on the universe of media overall too. By doing this we will have the option to go to a considerably more understanding and proficient perspective on the current topic in general. This is the thing that will be dissertated in the accompanying. There is actually a large number of various film types that exist, and in film hypothesis explicitly, the term 'type' alludes to that of the essential technique for film classification, and it is a term which is fundamentally utilized so as to permit partition between films, not just so as to make it simpler for film watchers to have the option to foreordain the sort of film that it is, however also with the goal that each film can be all the more explicitly and appropriately distinguished and scrutinized. A 'sort' for the most part alludes to films that share likenesses in the story components from which they are built (Wikipedia, 2007). 'Setting', 'temperament', and 'configuration' are generally terms which are utilized in the film kind characterization process: the setting is the place the film happens; the enthusiastic charge which is carried on all through the film is known as the state of mind, and the organization is the way or way where the film was really shot. Every one of these three terms is similarly as significant in the following with respect to the way toward characterizing a film's kind, and they should all in this way be considered so as to appropriately evaluate a film's classification. Film sorts are considered as being different structures or recognizable sorts, classifications, groupings, or gatherings of movies which have comparable or unmistakable examples which partner them as being in a specific branch of knowledge. There are film types, and afterward there are classifications which are considered as being non-film sorts. The absolute generally famous and notable film classifications would incorporate that of: activity, experience, parody, wrongdoing/criminal, show, legends/verifiable, loathsomeness, musicals, sci-fi, war, and westerns; probably the most mainstream and notable non-film types would incorporate that of: vivified films, British movies, children's/kids/family films, exemplary movies, religion films, narrative movies, seque ntial movies, and quiet movies. The principle distinction between film class and non-film types is that the film classification titles are progressively explicit and all the more regularly utilized, while the non-film kind titles are increasingly unpretentious and generally less well known. The more customary meanings of sort tend to, generally, be founded on the idea that they can appropriately comprise for specific shows of substance, and this would incorporate issues, for example, the topic or setting for example, or some other film class subjectivity. It is fantastically critical to understand that the endeavor to characterize specific kinds regarding essential and adequate printed properties is genuinely important, and that in spite of the fact that it is frequently observed as being hypothetically appealing, as a rule it tends to be very hard to finish this procedure,

People Moving

In the first place, Jobs is the principal reason as indicated by the national measurement in Venezuela for moving in light of the fact that a few people attempt win more cash or cause another business so as to get best financial advantages for their families. Moving for Jobs is a decent circumstance for your family on the off chance that you need to find out about various culture. Others move to other spot to desert destitution, while others look for better Jobs openings. Second, Safety Is a valid justification for individuals to move to other spot since certain ties has a great deal of issues on their local Like wrongdoing, abducting, and drugs.Crime rates over the urban communities could be the most significant actuality that individuals consider to move to other spot. Numerous individuals migrate for security reasons associated with their families or personal satisfaction. Individuals additionally move to another region to begin once again or move to an alternate nation that can g ive you a security spot to live. Third, Education is a significant motivation to move since individuals like the best alternatives to pick in instruction for their families. Numerous understudy when they completed secondary school leave to other city, state or nation so as to improve abilities in the best universities.This could happened on the grounds that not all the school or colleges have a ton of assorted variety of vocations. Different urban areas or nations are attired with a gigantic scope of instructive chances or regardless, understudies can get themselves took a crack at any of them In understanding with their inclination levels. Individuals will be moving unfailingly. Monetary reasons have consistently been among the primary motivations to move. Life in destitution ND despair frequently powers individuals to look for a superior life.Some individuals give high accentuation on exclusive expectation of living. It is regularly observed that guardians send their youngsters to another country to accomplish a superior way of life. By Vicky-Rica 11/06/2014 Second, Safety is a valid justification for individuals to move to other spot since certain urban areas has a great deal of issues on their local like wrongdoing, abducting, and tranquilizes. Openings or regardless, understudies can get themselves took on any of them as per their inclination levels. Individuals will be moving without fail.

Application is Down To Go Live on August 15th COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Application is Down To Go Live on August 15th COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I wanted to let everyone know that each summer we take our application off line for a period of time to perform maintenance and implement changes to improve the process.   Yesterday we posted a message on the application site stating that the application is currently unavailable.   Our goal is to have the application up and ready to go for the coming year on August 15th. Just because the application is down for maintainence does not mean that you cannot read about the requirements.   I recently completed an update to our application information page.   Please click here to read about the application requirements, deadlines, and program information.   Please stay tuned to the blog as well because I will continue to post detailed information related to the application requirements and changes that we are making to the process this year.

4 Extra Benefits of Taking the GMAT

Lets face it: very few people actually take the GMAT unless theyre applying to business schools that require it. The GMAT is notoriously difficult, and no other type of grad school uses it for admissions practices. If you are filling out b-school apps, you already have a pretty compelling reason to take the test! But if youre pulling out your hair wondering why youre spending so much time on your GMAT prep, take heart: the work youre doing now will benefit you far into the future. In fact, there are some pretty compelling reasons to take the GMAT other than just getting into business school. The GMAT polishes your communications skills. Think about this: every single question on the GMAT exam is directly related to the business world. This can confuse and frustrate students working on the verbal reasoning sections of the test. While a lot of the scenarios youre reading about are about business, they may be unrelated to any business scenario youll ever face (but then again, they may be†¦). On the other hand, what studying for GMAT verbal reasoning helps you to do is to improve your communication. It doesnt do this by inundating you with flowery vocabulary you need to learn; instead, GMAT verbal is testing how efficiently you communicate: how well do you absorb information? How well can you analyze an argument? And because this is what the section tests, youll see your skills in these areas improving as you continue your GMAT practice. This will pay big dividends, not only during your MBA, but as you go on in the business world, as well. The GMAT prepares you to work with both details and patterns. In other words, prepping for the GMAT trains your mind to work on both small and large scales. As you study for GMAT quant, youll find that you need to sharpen your skills in picking out relevant details without getting overwhelmed by extraneous information. Youll get better at organizing information and making precise distinctions. If youre studying well, youll also improve your skills in pattern recognition. Why are these valuable skills? Think about a day in the life of the average manager. He or she encounters huge amounts of information and has to sort through it to pick out whats germane to the issue or problem at hand. The ability to identify patterns is key to recognizing progress or lack thereof; and being able to work with information on both small and large scales is vital. The GMAT trains you to ask the right questions. The LSAT. The MCAT. The GRE. Not a single one of them has Data Sufficiency questions. Yet the GMAC (the test-makers of the GMAT) obviously find these questions important. Why is that? Because managers are constantly evaluating what information they need to answer a question and what information they have. The GMAT prepares you for high-stakes experiences. At the end of the day, taking GMAT practice tests and preparing for the exam in effect prepares you for the business world—not just in the content of its questions, but also in their form. But perhaps the most valuable aspect of the exam is that it is, in itself, a high-stakes experience. You know, the kind that managers deal with all the time: experiences where a lot rides on your performance. It may be stressful now, but use that stress as a springboard to the world of business. By acquiring these skills during your GMAT study, youll be far better prepared for the working world on the other side of your MBA. ; Rachel Kapelke-Dale blogs about graduate school admissions for Magoosh. She has a BA from Brown University, and did her own graduate work at the Università © de Paris VII (Master Recherche) and University College London (PhD). She has taught and written about test preparation and admissions practices for eight years. Related Resources: †¢ MBA Action Plan: 6 Steps for the 6 Months Before You Apply, a free guide †¢ Affordable Online Test Prep, a podcast episode †¢ The GMAT and Your MBA Admissions Profile

History of Band-Aids From Earle Dickson to Boy Scouts

Band-Aid is the trademarked name for bandages sold by the American  pharmaceutical  and  medical devices  giant  Johnson Johnson Company, though these popular medical bandages have become a household name since their invention in 1921 by cotton buyer Earle Dickson. Originally created as a means to treat small wounds more easily with bandages that could be self-applied and were durable enough to withstand the day-to-day activities of most people, this invention has remained relatively unchanged in its nearly 100-year history. However, market sales for the first line of commercially produced Band-Aids werent doing so well, so in the 1950s, Johnson Johnson began marketing a number of decorative Band-Aids with such childhood icons as Mickey Mouse and Superman on them. Additionally, Johnson Johnson began donating free band-aids to Boy Scout  troops and overseas military personnel to better their brand image. A Household Invention by Earle Dickson Earle Dickson was employed as a cotton buyer for the Johnson Johnson when he invented the band-aid in 1921 for his wife Josephine Dickson, who was always cutting her fingers in the kitchen while preparing food. At that time a bandage consisted of separate gauze and adhesive tape that you would cut to size and apply yourself, but Earle Dickson noticed that gauze and adhesive tape she used would soon fall off her active fingers, and he decided to invent something that would stay in place and protect small wounds better. Earle Dickson took a piece of gauze and attached it to the center of a piece of tape then covered the product with crinoline to keep it sterile. This ready-to-go product allowed his wife to dress her wounds without assistance, and when Earles boss James Johnson saw the invention, he decided to manufacture band-aids to the public and make Earle Dickson vice-president of the company. Marketing and Promotion Sales of Band-Aids were slow until Johnson Johnson decided to give Boy Scout troops free Band-Aids as a publicity stunt. Since then, the company has dedicated a lot of its financial resources and marketing campaigns to charity work associated with the health and human services fields. Although the product itself has remained relatively unchanged throughout the years, its history still came with a few big milestones including the introduction of machine-made band-aids in 1924, the sale of sterilized band-aids in 1939, and the replacement of regular tape with vinyl tape in 1958, all of which were marketed as the latest in at-home medical care. The long-time slogan of Band-Aid, especially since it began marketing to children and parents in the mid-1950s, is I am stuck on Band-Aid brand cause Band-Aids stuck on me! and indicates a family-friendly value that Johnson Johnson is known for. In 1951, Band-Aids introduced the first decorative band-aids which featured the cartoon character Mickey Mouse in the hope theyd appeal to children.

Self Efficacy Of Japanese Women - 1585 Words

Self-Efficacy of Japanese Women By Austin Gray Research and Writing in IS Professor Nada â€Å"Japanese women make up just over 43 percent of the total Japanese workforce†¦but make up 70 percent of all part-time jobs in Japan†¦Even when companies recruit equal numbers of men and women from universities, they do little to develop the careers of their female graduate recruits, and are notoriously bound by the assumption that women will permanently quit full-time jobs when they become pregnant (Leo Lewis, Financial Times 2015)†. In Miura’s interpretation of Japan’s economy, she states; To understand the shattered perception of traditional Japanese society and the sudden appearance of the working poor in the middle of the new century†¦show more content†¦Miura’s view is one of no change even with the hope in the air. Susan Holloway s Women and Family in Contemporary Japan strives to provide an intimate view of how Japanese mothers of young children experience their parental role. Women s employment opportunities and status in Japanese society, combined with cultural views of motherhood and the availability of support for child-rearing, have had a profound effect on the country s fertility. In her book, Women and Family in Contemporary Japan, Holloway explores the social and cultural norms that shapes the gender structure of marriage and parenting in Japan. In interviews with Japanese mothers, Holloway asks what it is like to be a wife and to raise children in a country where caretaking has long been considered solely women s work. Through my readings of other scholars in Japanese studies and Holloway’s book. There are factors that are repeatedly pointed out. Those being, that a lack of women s workforce opportunities, as well as the gendered burden of familial responsibility, are major fac tors that have promoted Japanese women s postponement of marriage and reproduction, Holloway s book takes a closer look at mothers dissatisfaction, anxiety, isolation and their limited prospects for social he change in thinking with respect to family in Japan, the second largestShow MoreRelatedThe Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Model2381 Words   |  10 PagesUnderstand Japanese Business Culture When developing relationships with coworkers from other countries than the United States of America, one strategy that can make developing those relations more comfortable for a foreign partner is to research and understand the business culture of his/her home nation. Japan is a proud culture that has been developed for centuries through the employment of strong cultural beliefs. 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Top 10 Questions Parents Have About Private Schools

Introduction to Agrarian Reform - 1446 Words

TABLE OF CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION TO AGRARIAN REFORM OF THE PHIL. AND BRIEF HISTORY OF AGRARIAN REFORM II. IMPLEMENTING LAWS III. DEFINITION OF LAND REFORM AGRARIAN REFORM IV. COVERAGE OF THE LAND REFORM PROGRAM V. RETENTION LIMITS EXCEPTION ON THE RULES ON RETENTION LIMITS VI. EVALUATION I. INTRODUCTION TO AGRARIAN REFORM OF THE PHIL. AND BRIEF HISTORY OF AGRARIAN REFORM Land reform pertains to integrated set of measures designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising from defects in the agrarian structure. One of the existing agrarian reform laws in the country is Republic Act No. 6675, otherwise known as the â€Å"The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law†. Agrarian reform†¦show more content†¦During Pres. Corazon Aquino’s administration, the constitution commission of 1986 approved Section 21 under Article II (Declaration Principle and State Policy)which states â€Å"The states shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform†. Subsequently, Pres. Aquino created the Cabinet Action Committee to draft the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). II. IMPLEMENTING LAWS A. QUEZON ADMINISTRATION Rice Share Tenancy Act- The Act provided for a 50-50 sharing arrangement between landowners and tenants and established a 10% maximum interest ceiling for loans extended to tenants. B. MAGSAYSAY ADMINISTRATION Republic Act 1166- National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). Republic Act 1199- Agricultural Tenancy Act. This law provide tenants with security of tenure and allowed them to shift from share tenancy to leasehold where they pay landowners a fixed rental instead of a variable share. Republic Act 1400 of 1955- Land Reform Act. This Law provides for expropriation of contiguous land over 300 hectares in areas, if owned by individual and 600 hectares if owned by corporation. C. MACAPAGAL ADMNISTRATION Republic Act 3844- Agricultural Land Reform Code. This code aimed to established owner-cultivatorship and economic family-size as the basis of PhilippineShow MoreRelatedEconomic Aspects of Agrarian Reform12715 Words   |  51 PagesEconomic aspects of agrarian reform? †¢ 3 years ago †¢ Report Abuse [pic]sensekon... Best Answer  - Chosen by Voters The following are the economic aspects of Agrarian reforms:\   1. Introduction of markets for agricultural land to enable removal of fragmented farm holdings, encouraging consolidation of farm lands, introduction of commercial farming than than subsistence agriculture, 2. Free movement of agricultural goods within the country and to the extent possible across borders to enableRead MoreThe Consolidation of Fidel Castro’s Power Between 1959 And1961 Was More of a Result of Domestic Issues Rather Than United States Economic Policies.1502 Words   |  7 Pageseducation and the need to create a new political consciousness among the people. (Leonard). Additionally, Castro’s introduction of land reforms led to an increased support among the Cuban masses whereby making him immensely popular. During the first nine months of 1959 an estimated 1,500 decrees, laws and edicts were enacted. The most change though came with the passing of the Agrarian Reform Act in May 1959 which stated all real estate holdings were restricted in size (1000 acres except for sugar, riceRead MoreAzerbaijan Research Paper1318 Words   |  6 PagesKristie E. Bader Sociology of Developing Countries – SOC 300 May 29, 2011 Professor Chavella Pittman Strayer University Table of Contents Introduction Page 3 Economic Reforms: Pages 4 - 7 Business Pension Taxes Land Conclusion Page 8 Citations Page 9 Introduction Azerbaijan is a small country in Southwest Asia about the equivalent size of Maine. 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Macatangay, Maricar CE 3102 Submitted To: Mr. Zoilo Instructor October 11, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction Issues / Problems Objective of the Study Content: A. Definition B. Comparison a. CARPER better than CARP b. CARPER worse than CARP C. Researchers’ Insight Conclusion Recommendations Bibliography â€Æ' INTRODUCTION The Philippine lands are usually used for agrarian purposes. Being a tropical country, it is expected that the weather and nutritious soil are designed as if to growRead MoreThus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle900 Words   |  4 Pagesin France quicker, than industrial. However the upper bourgeoisie which was in power didnt hurry with the solution of the agrarian question, with a complete elimination of feudal duties and even braked it. All this shows that the French bourgeoisie during the first period of revolution wasnt able to carry out a complete elimination of a feudal system and to resolve an agrarian issue.The fear for bourgeois property forced an upper bourgeoisie is reconciled with feudal property. The economic policyRead MoreThe Civil War And The Reconstruction Period Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: American Industrialization emerged from the ruins of the Civil War and the †¦ of the Reconstruction Period. Spurred by the new manufacturing technologies brought over from Great Britain, and the rest of Europe, factories and mills began emerging across the American landscape, slowly transforming the United States from an agrarian society to one increasingly industrialized and urbanized. From 1860-1900, the nation of rural towns, local crafts, family farms, and regional businessRead MoreRural Development Case Study3219 Words   |  13 PagesCase Study Of A Rural Development: The Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (ARISP) III [pic] By LEONILA TANYAG-CONRADO 2012 Table of Contents Case Study Abstract Introduction Definition of Terms Objectives Project Beneficiaries Analysis of the project Development Framework Expected Outcomes Recommendation for Sustainability Sources CASE

John Yossarian Essay Free Essays

In his 1961 piece, Joseph Heller in a subtle way brings an exclusive attention to the experiences of the world wars to the soldiers, using the Second World War and John Yossarian, the protagonist as case studies. The story is transmitted in a third person narrative that paints the pictures that the readers can relate to. As the narration commences, the story is told within the hospital buildings where Yossarian is hospitalized, though in a manner that the readers can vividly tell that he is pretending. We will write a custom essay sample on John Yossarian Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The doctors examining him were puzzled with his condition. They made a determination that if he would be jaundiced, they would treat him, but if not, they discharge him. His case was constantly short of jaundice every time. Explicitly, Yossarian is faking sickness, but in an intelligent manner. It seems that in his mind, Yossarian thinks that the hospital is safe to take solace since liver problems take time to treat. Nurse Duckett signed a note to give him some pills, but interestingly, the liver pain had healed, yet no doctor realized it. It is important to note that Yossarian is the center of the story and everything is deflected from his perspective. He is innately determined to remain safe at all times. However, the story is not told in chronological order, and therefore, the readers must collect all the jaunts together to comprehend what it all implies. The story is an enlightening piece that divulges the inner spirit of a soldier when masked with fear, more so having seen his or her colleagues die dreadfully. Troubled with the memories of Snowden, Yossarian has lost the aspiration to continue participating in the war. Having seen his friends die mercilessly, he is more perturbed and feels weak, something that happens with different soldiers on the battlefield. The same applies to other characters such as Dunbar who is with him in the ward. Dunbar wants to stay longer in the hospital by engaging in some boring activities to pass time. The hospital setting has become a better place for them. On the other hand, Yossarian has made up his mind to remain in the hospital for the remaining time of the war, he writes a letter to different people known to him, but never tells them the reasons. As the story continues, he realizes that if insane, he can be relieved of his duties as a soldier. He pretends to be insane in order to be discharged from the military service. However, he is surprised that by claiming that he is insane is a proof that he is actually sane. In conclusion, the story portrays the diverse points of views that the readers can relate to. It also gives a pointer to the minds of the characters that depict the inner world of a soldier. It carries the audience with mixed reactions while interacting with the events. Certain events are funny, while others elicit pity. Yossarian is shaken by the storms of the experiences of the war and uses numerous tactics to get himself out of the military service. For instance, he fakes his prolonged stay in the hospital. When he also tries to pretend to be insane, he is openly caught. Rightly, the story compels the readers to see much inside a soldier’s heart than just what is seen from outside. How to cite John Yossarian Essay, Essays

Organizational Change Management for B. R. Richardson Timber

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Change Management for B. R. Richardson Timber. Answer: Introduction: Organizational development refers to the organizational change and the performance of the same in terms of the success. The organizational change is the process that takes place from the various aspects. The implementation of the organizational change must be implemented from the upper level towards the lower level (Cameron Green, 2015). The need o the organizational change and the development are required because of some issues that affect the production and the overall operation of the organization. The prevalence and the intensity of the issues indicate the need of the change and development in the organization as well as the lack of competencies in the management (Hayes, 2014). The chosen organization requires the change in terms of the structure and the process of the organization. There change management issues leads to the needs of the organizational development. However, any issues related to the change management can emerge from internal problems as well as external problem . The chosen organization present the issues related internal problems that have emerged from the management structure and the in competencies by the authoritative personnel in the organization. The following portion of the report presents the case study of the change management and the interventions of the same. Issues in the organization: A deep and thorough sneak peek into the B. R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation presents some issues that are prevalent in the organization and somehow or other are affecting the business process. Not the only the business process in influenced by the issues, but also the people, structure and overall operations are equally affected by the same (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The predominant issues are: Communication: Communication seems to be one of the major issues in the organization. The communication is affecting the process as well as the people of the organization. The lack of proper and effective communication is leading to anther problems like the payesms issue, overtime issues and others. The communication regarding the change and the development needs to be proper in all the level of the organization in order to the proper execution and the implementation of the change development (Coombs, 2014). Job satisfaction: It is evident from the case study that the employees are not satisfied with their job. The case study presents data in regards to the employees complaint about the job and the management. It is found that the supervision of the organization regarding the job satisfaction vague and that the employees are not happy with the management as well as the organization (Cummings Worley, 2014). Employee Turnover: The employee turnover is the issue related to the previous one. The employees due to the lower job satisfaction are tending to leave the organization. In fact, the turnover rate higher than the last year. The lack of communication, poor management structure is also some of the reasons for the employee turnover (Fugate, Prussia Kinicki, 2012). This is not only affecting the human resources of the company but also is affecting the reputation of the organization among the staffs. Low Health and Safety Standards: The case study is a fine example of the poor maintenance of the health and safety standard in the organization for the staffs. The management of the organization does not follow the policies of the employees health and safety in the workplace. There are employees in the organization with broken fingers, back pain and other physical disabilities that are the result of the accidents in the workplace. The management of the firm seems to be careless about the issue. This is creating a negative impact in the staffs as well as negative indication to the organizational structure. Available Interventions in the Organization: The intervention denotes the planned and the organized activities in a firm that aims to bring the change in the organization. Intervention entails the intended activities by the external consultants of the organization for the change development (Michie Johnston, 2012). The intervention available in organization acne also is helpful in this regard for delivering the change development. Strategic intervention is the major that is needed presently in the organization. The strategic intervention will help the management as well as the entire organization for the better performance. In addition, this will also help the in implementing the change development properly. Another intervention that is available in organization is the confronting meeting. The confronting meeting will help the organization to have a conversation between the management and the employees regarding the issues faced by the employees in the workplace (Free et al., 2013). The management of the organization will understand, realize and be able to identify the issues and present in the organization and affecting the organizational structure and operations (Cameron Green, 2015). This will also make the management understand the need and requirement of the organizational change development process in the organization. These two interventions are related to the change development of the organization as well as these are already available in the organization, which will definitely make the process easy for the management as well as for the consultants. Select one intervention and explain why this strategy is the most appropriate to implement for ensuring organizational transformation There were various issues that had been faced by the business organization B.R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation such as lack of communication, supervision, scheduling of production, etc. The interventions could help in combining the various components of the program and strategies to manage changes in behaviors as well as improve the health and safety of individuals who have been working within the organization. The interventions include educational programs, better implementation of policies and procedures, improvements if the environment or even promoting a health promotion campaign for managing health and safety of the workers (Contrafatto Burns, 2013). The interventions that consist of multiple strategies are the most effective and reliable for delivering the most probable changes and improvements for the organization. This could also bring long lasting changes as well as produce the desired positive outcomes by ensuring that the company sustains changes within the busine ss environment with ease and effectiveness (Grant, 2014). The interventions have been applied here to make sure that it can be reached to a large group of audience through various ways or approaches and a proper lamination plant will be set up at B.R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation. The most important intervention could be the introduction of educational programs, which would be able to work as a motivation course for involving the workers and ensure that the issues were identified and resolved within quick time. Based on the inspection plan, it had been understood that the plant that was developed earlier within the workplace was very noisy, there were glue drippings along with dust everywhere and even the aisles disappeared in the tools and piles of the plant (Hayes, 2014). Thus, it could be seen that the plant was not clean and rather the employees were also paid less, there had been health and safety related problems, which made the implementation plan ineffective (Free et al., 2013). The employees were not paid the right amount s of wages and even their health and safety aspects were hindered. The interventions are useful for influencing the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and skills of individuals and increase the social support as well. This would not only create a supportive environment where all the staffs would work in coordination and as a team to ensure that, the implementation plan for the lamination plant could be successful and noteworthy (Johnson et al., 2013). The interventions could include various programmatic activities that could enable changes within the organization and furthermore facilitate the change management process within B.R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation. As a consultant, it would be important to manage intervention through collaboration between the clients and consultants on a consistent manner. The team building intervention is related to the management of people and processes within the organization and it can enable transformation as a whole. It would be easy to accomplish the goals and objectives according to the organizational vision and strategy and improve the organizations culture too (Lozano, Ceulemans Seatter, 2015). The team building intervention could help in managing the people and business processes by focusing on various groups based on their roles such as superior, subordinates and colleagues. This would allow them to learn and gain more knowledge about how to improve the organizational structure a nd improve the areas of accomplishing tasks, manage team relationships and organizational processes too (Millar, Hind Magala, 2012). Intergroup intervention is also associated with the people and processes and it can help the workers to coordinate tasks and accomplish the desired goals and objectives. Though, this kind of intervention allows team members to work in coordination and manage the business processes effectively, still there can be conflicts among them, which will lower their morale and productivity as well. This kind of intervention allows for increasing the communication among the people and find out ways of achieving the desired goal with ease (Nordin et al., 2012). The people must be trained for improving their skills and enable them to perform to their potential while managing the installation of lamination plant. This would further help in managing the business processes efficiently and ensure that the leaders of B.R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation in Australia properly clarify the roles and responsibilities to the members of the team through motivation and encouragement (Waddell et al., 2 013). Therefore among the various interventions, the team building and intergroup interventions are the most appropriate for ensuring successful transformation of the organisation. Discuss the actions necessary to implement the recommended strategy successfully. There are various actions that are undertaken to implement the effective organizational change management strategy and these have been illustrated here in this report. Developing a set of clear organizational goals and objectives is essential for making the individuals working within the organization know about how to implement the lamination plant. A proper and realistic time scope should be developed for ensuring that the implementation would be done within the allocated time. Management of informed awareness for involving the employees or staffs and develop commitment among them (Contrafatto Burns, 2013). Selecting the most appropriate system for enabling participation of the staffs is important and it is necessary to support the major power groups for transforming the organization as well. The daily business operations and processes are integrated and have been aligned with the organizational goals and objectives for ensuring successful transfer and diffusion. This would facilit ate the innovations of business processes along with relevant changes at B.R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation in Australia. As the most appropriate intervention is related to the major aspects of people and business processes, so a third party peacemaker shall be involved to focus on the interpersonal conflicts and manage ethical cooperation and competition among the people working there (Grant, 2014). Training should be provided as well to yield the better learning about own self, interpersonal relationships and group dynamics too. This would promote effective teamwork and coordination among the workers as well as ensure that the intervention plan could be effective for implementing the organizational change management strategy successfully (Lozano, Ceulemans Seatter, 2015). Conclusion: It is evident from the above discourse that the change management and the change development is related and linked with each other in terms of the organizational development. This is certain that the implementation of the lamination plant will emerge more issue; therefore, the present issues in the organization must be solved with urgent priorities. Several interventions are given in the report for resolving the change management issues in the organization. Some of the interventions are already present in the organization and some of them are recommended. The intervention in the organization will help developing the strategic planning as well as the organizational structure for the required change development. This intervention will ultimately help the organization reduce the issues like employee turnover, lack of communication and others. However, only the intervention cannot individually resolve the issue, the cooperation is also needed from the every level of the organization. References: Contrafatto, M., Burns, J. (2013). Social and environmental accounting, organisational change and management accounting: A processual view.Management Accounting Research,24(4), 349-365. Grant, A. M. (2014). The efficacy of executive coaching in times of organisational change. Journal of Change Management, 14(2), 258-280. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K., Angwin, D., Regnr, P. (2013).Exploring strategy text cases(Vol. 10). Pearson. Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., Seatter, C. S. (2015). Teaching organisational change management for sustainability: designing and delivering a course at the University of Leeds to better prepare future sustainability change agents.Journal of Cleaner Production,106, 205-215. Millar, C., Hind, P., Magala, S. (2012). Sustainability and the need for change: organisational change and transformational vision.Journal of Organizational Change Management,25(4), 489-500. Nordin, N., Deros, B. M., Wahab, D. A., Rahman, M. N. A. (2012). A framework for organisational change management in lean manufacturing implementation.International Journal of Services and Operations Management,12(1), 101-117. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. (2013).Organisational change: Development and transformation. Cengage Learning. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Free, C., Phillips, G., Galli, L., Watson, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., ... Haines, A. (2013). The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behaviour change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review.PLoS medicine,10(1), e1001362. Michie, S., Johnston, M. (2012). Theories and techniques of behaviour change: Developing a cumulative science of behaviour change. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Coombs, W. T. (2014).Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Fugate, M., Prussia, G. E., Kinicki, A. J. (2012). Managing employee withdrawal during organizational change: The role of threat appraisal.Journal of Management,38(3), 890-914. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning.

A New Framework for IT Investment Decisions

Question: Describe about A New Framework for IT Investment Decisions? Answer: Making Better Business Case For IT Investment Purpose of the paper: Today most of the organization is demanding robust business cases to have a justified business investment in Information Technology. In this document the drawbacks of the current approaches in IT investments are shown and according to those drawbacks the required approaches are also mentioned. Hence it can give the ability to organizations to identify the benefit and to take the appropriate measurement of all the benefits and to gather the evidence of size of the expected benefits (Ward, 2008). Important points: With a deep concern about the IT investment, this document have drawn the evident fact on drawbacks related to presently used approaches to IT investment in a business scenario. Researches related to this filed at early stages are found as disappointing to reach the desired expectations. Benefits, which are overstated, can also weaken managements commitment to the IT investment. In the context of finding the business fund approval for an IT project, robust business case is important for under mentioned reasons: Priorities need to be enabled to be set among different resource and fund investments. A benefit realization plan is required to identify what the combination of business and IT will deliver benefits Commitments from business managers are needed to achieve the investment benefit. A basis of review should take place in order to realize whether benefits are coming or not. A new SIX-STAGE approach is taken in order to develop business cases: Investment objectives and Business Drivers need to be identified. Benefits, owners and measures need to be identified. Benefits structures need to be identified. Benefits from the organizational changes need to be identified. Explicit value for each of the benefit needs to be identified. Risks and cost Identification is needed (Keen and Digrius, 2003). Approach Used: With development of this paper Author first developed the scenario on drawbacks related to present approaches used for IT investment in a business scenario. Researches related to this filed at early stages are found as disappointing to reach the desired expectations. Author have shown that the context of finding the business fund approval for an IT project, robust business case is important to enable priorities to be set among different resource and fund investments, A benefit realization plan is required, Commitments from business managers are needed to achieve the investment benefit, a basis of review should take place in order to realize whether benefits are coming or not. Questions need to bring forward: What are the business objectives need to bring forward? How the benefit realization plans need to draw? IT Risk As A Language For Alignment: Purpose of the paper: In this paper Author stated the fact that the language of risk is powerful tool to improve the alignment of IT/business. Incorporation of risk into IT management helps IT executive and business person to take better decision. Based on field research, more than 5 years of surveys, case studies and interviews this article shows risk as a focusing mechanism to take better decision (Barnes, 2010). Important points: Managing IT requires balance of two different and conflicting perspective, such as- Strategic change perspective and Operational-resilience perspective. In this paper, author has shown Risk a Unifying language. In this context author highlighted the point that the risk awareness approach makes a big difference by asking questions about the business risk form the IT executives to understand the IT rules and obtain the IT management techniques. There are Four As framework to manage IT risk- Agility, Availability Accuracy, Access (Keen and Digrius, 2003). Approach Used: In this paper author discussed the point that the risk awareness approach makes a big difference by asking questions about the business risk form the IT executives to understand the IT rules and obtain the IT management techniques (Westerman, 2009). Questions need to bring forward: How the Risk frameworks need to be managed, in order to change the resilience Tradeoffs? What are the IT management risks that generally come under consideration? References: Barnes, A. (2010). A new framework for IT investment decisions. Petersfield, Hampshire: Harriman House Ltd. Keen, J. and Digrius, B. (2003). Making technology investments profitable. New York: Wiley Sons. Ward, J. (2008). Building Better Business Cases for IT Investments1. [online] Oro.open.ac.uk. Available at: https://oro.open.ac.uk/11215/ [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Westerman, G. (2009). IT Risk as a Language for Alignment. [online] Misqe.org. Available at: https://misqe.org/ojs2/index.php/misqe/article/view/263 [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015].

Heaven free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Gate Cult Essay, Research Paper On March 26, 1997, in what has become known as one of the most notable mass self-destructions in history, 39 work forces and adult females affiliated with the Heavens Gate cult took their ain lives by consuming a combination of Sodium thiopentals assorted with apple sauce and intoxicant. Each was dressed all in black, their faces covered by a violet shroud. Those who wore spectacless had them neatly folded following to their organic structure, and all had designation documents for the governments to happen. The house was speckless, tidier even than before the victims had moved in. It was as if, in fixing for their decease, they were minding the words of the prophesier Isaiah: # 8220 ; Set thine house in order ; for 1000 shalt dice, and non live. # 8221 ; And while their disconnected terminal may look instead unusual, the manner they lived is even more perplexing. The group came together in the mid 1970s under the magnetic sermon of Marshall Herff Applewhite, and his comrade, Bonnie Lu Nettles, a former nurse. We will write a custom essay sample on Heaven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It enjoyed a ephemeral explosion of ill fame, during which clip they referred to themselves as Bo and Peep, before the twosome took it underground in 1976. After bing in deep privacy in assorted Southwestern metropoliss, the group surfaced once more briefly in 1994, when members sought out recruits with a series of public talks. In the group # 8217 ; s paperss, Applewhite and Nettles are described as representatives of an extraterrestrial plane called the Kingdom of Heaven, who have come to Earth # 8220 ; to offer the manner taking to rank # 8221 ; to those who could get the better of their fond regard to money, sex, and household life. Such entire separation, the group preached, was necessary because Earth # 8217 ; s human constructions # 8211 ; governmental, economic and, particularly, spiritual # 8211 ; were under the control of diabolic forces: # 8220 ; Luciferians # 8221 ; and evil # 8220 ; infinite foreigners, # 8221 ; in the group # 8217 ; s footings. In clip, they began naming themselves # 8220 ; the Two, # 8221 ; a mention to the # 8220 ; two informants # 8221 ; of Christ foretold in the Bible # 8217 ; s Book of Revelation. Harmonizing to the Bible, the two informants are Prophetss who will be slain by a animal from the bottomless cavity, so be resurrected and ascend to Heaven. They were both anti-establishment and intolerant, naming for entire separation from society, simple life with shared resources, and attachment to a strict moral codification. Applewhite besides required members of the cult to dress, talk, and look the same. He made them all wear the same apparels, shaved everyone # 8217 ; s caput, and made them forbear from utilizing personal pronouns such as # 8220 ; he # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; she # 8221 ; . They were besides non permitted to get married, hold sex, or imbibe. Members had to give all their ownerships to the cult ; several even voluntarily castrated themselves. Much of the indispensable beliefs of Heaven # 8217 ; s Gate are spelled out in a drawn-out, first-person statement published on the group # 8217 ; s website. Written in 1995 by Mr. Applewhite ( under the rubric # 8220 ; An E.T. Presently Incarnate # 8221 ; ) , it reveals that Ms. Nettles died in 1985 ( or, as he wrote, # 8220 ; separated from her borrowed human container and returned to the Next Level # 8221 ; ) . The remainder of their religion system is detailed in a 200-page book that the members of Heaven # 8217 ; s Gate self-published. One of them wrote that they had spent 17 old ages undergoing a type of re-education, # 8220 ; a # 8216 ; metaphoric # 8217 ; schoolroom experience of altering over their consciousness and behaviour, # 8221 ; germinating to make a phase in which they could come in the higher kingdom that Mr. Applewhite and Ms. Nettles preached. In these and other plants, the group elaborated on its divinity, based on a Christian model, but with a whole n ew set of millennialist beliefs that seems more like the plants of a celebrated scientific discipline fiction author. The beliefs were these: Two thousand old ages ago, the existences of the Kingdom Level Above Human appointed an # 8220 ; Older Member # 8221 ; to direct to Earth a # 8220 ; Representative # 8221 ; ( Jesus ) to learn people how to come in the # 8220 ; true # 8221 ; Kingdom of God. But worlds inspired by diabolic forces killed this person, besides called # 8220 ; the Captain, # 8221 ; and transformed his teachin gs into â€Å"watered-down Country Club religion.† Then a new opportunity was offered to humanity in the 1970 # 8217 ; s, when the Kingdom Level dispatched a 2nd squad of two Older Members to take up human organic structures ( or # 8220 ; vehicles # 8221 ; ) and restart the instructions. The paperss besides make clear that the group # 8217 ; s members took curious new names, another mark of their complete interruption with the outside universe. Applewhite was identified on the Internet site merely as Do while Nettles was Ti. The group # 8217 ; s followings arrived on Earth in # 8220 ; staged # 8221 ; ballistic capsule clangs and were temporarily disembodied before taking human signifier in organic structures particularly designated for that intent by # 8220 ; other crews from the Level Above Human. # 8221 ; The papers is full of predicting about the province of the universe, warning that the Government, the wealthy and # 8220 ; moral # 8221 ; leaders are controlled by evil infinite foreigners, who have besides used all faiths to lead on worlds about God. It warns of a coming apocalypse that will destruct civilisation. Gang wars and cultural cleaning are offered as cogent evidence that the procedure has begun. Later there will be a # 8220 ; Restoration period # 8221 ; in which another civilisation will be born. The group # 8217 ; s stiffly autocratic codification is besides revealed. # 8220 ; The lone manner an person can turn in the Following Degree is to larn to be dependent on his Older Member as that beginning of limitless growing and cognition. So, any younger member in good standing forever remains wholly dependent upon ( and looks to ) his Older Member for all things. # 8221 ; The most recent ( and concluding ) posting on the Heaven # 8217 ; s Gate Internet site declared that the attack of the Hale-Bopp comet provided # 8221 ; the # 8216 ; marker # 8217 ; we # 8217 ; ve been waiting for # 8212 ; the clip for the reaching of the ballistic capsule from the Level Above Human to take us place to # 8216 ; Their World # 8217 ; # 8212 ; in the actual Heavens. # 8221 ; Heaven # 8217 ; s Gate left no deficit of hints as to its negative thought about the value of this secular life. The group held fast to a Gnostic spiritual position of the psyche as a separate and superior being, temporarily populating a physical signifier. Bodies, wrote Do, were simply # 8221 ; the impermanent container for the soul. # 8221 ; A psyche, he added, could germinate to a higher degree of being, at which point it would have a new physical signifier to house it. # 8221 ; The concluding act of metabolism or separation from the human land, # 8221 ; he wrote, # 8221 ; is the # 8216 ; unplug # 8217 ; or separation from the human physical container or organic structure in order to be released from the human environment. # 8221 ; In another papers posted on its Internet site, Heaven # 8217 ; s Gate ironically declared itself # 8221 ; against self-destruction # 8221 ; # 8211 ; but yet subtly left open the possibility. Yes, the group said, its members expected to go out Earth in their # 8221 ; physical vehicles ( organic structures ) # 8221 ; when a starship arrived to take them to the # 8221 ; Next Level. # 8221 ; But should the forces of the universe turn violently against them, it added, the group would be # 8221 ; mentally prepared # 8221 ; for whatever came its manner. They besides allude to the illustration of the Jews at Masada who killed themselves instead than subject to Roman hosts in A.D. 73. Furthermore, the group said its apprehension of self-destruction was non at all conventional: # 8221 ; The true significance of # 8217 ; suicide # 8217 ; is to turn against the Following Degree when it is being offered. # 8221 ; In the group # 8217 ; s thought, a starship, thought to be following in Hale-Bopp # 8217 ; s aftermath, would be offering merely such an chance. In decision, the full aura of the Heaven # 8217 ; s Gate cult seems like something straight out of a late dark Television film. Like most millennialist groups, members held a steadfast belief in an onset apocalypse and that merely an elite few would accomplish redemption. The spread of their philosophy on the Internet brought about widespread concern over the power of the web. The statement has subsided, nevertheless, with the transition of clip. I, for one, find the supposed nexus between the Internet and cult activities instead absurd. Extreme credulousness and brainwashing, I believe, would be the lone ways a recruit would of all time accept such an bizarre set of beliefs. Heaven free essay sample I’m not sure that heaven exists. But sometimes I imagine what would be like if it . In the book by Mitch Albourn, The Five People You Meet in Heaven, each person lives forever in a memory or experience that brought him or her peace in life. If heaven is anything like Albourn’s model, I already know where my heaven is going to be: 1152 Haverstraw Road, Suffern New York. This is the address of Ramapo Equestrian Center. More specifically, my heaven will be the trail that runs around the back of the barn along the stream. I will be riding my favorite horse, Dutch, cooling down like I have done so many times after a good ride. Under the stretching blue sky, with a gentle breeze playing in my hair, I will walk round and round, scratching Dutch’s shoulder, gazing up at the beautiful tree covered mountains that crouch protectively over the valley. We will write a custom essay sample on Heaven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is where my mind slows down, at 1152 Haverstraw Road in Suffern New York. On the weekends, I come here to breathe. Monday through Thursday, my life is a blur, a nonstop marathon of incomprehensible math problems, rushing bodies in the hallway, tests, quizzes, alarm clocks, responsibilities, SAT’s, ACTs, and more afterschool activities than I can count on one hand. I would kill to get a many hours of sleep per night as I have clubs on my resume. But if my life is the Daytona 500, the cars grind to a halt and the crowds disperse on Friday, when I drive up to the barn. The roaring engines in my mind shut off and for a brief moment, it is quiet in my head. Most people find peace lying on beaches for hours or relaxing on the couch, but the stiller my body is, the faster my thoughts race. Horseback riding is as much a mental game as it is physical, and concentrating on my body position and my horse’s movements absorbs my full attention unlike anything else; due dates, t rigonometry, and gnawing anxieties gallop away. Tightly packaged in the suburbs, I never really experienced the outdoors until I started riding. I’ve always felt an emptiness that should have been filled with fresh air. If my childhood was largely nature-deficient, horseback riding has been my multivitamin. Stress can be a poison that eats you up, but the blue sky, the air, the mountains, and the sun-drenched grasses at 1152 Haverstraw Road are the perfect antidote. While I can’t be sure where I’ll go when I die, I do know that heaven exists. Maybe it’s not in the sky, maybe it’s not in another dimension, but heaven exists at 1152 Haverstraw Road.

Free Essays on The Haves And The Have Nots

The Haves and Have-Nots is a book that contains many short stories all dealing with money or the lack of it and how it affects peoples lives. When looking for stories to compare and contrast â€Å"Hope Deferred† and â€Å"Mrs. Beazley’s Deeds† come to mind. These two stories are similar in the way that they are both about married couples living in poverty. Marriage is a difficult task in itself, but when poverty is involved it makes it much more difficult. Because of this we see all the love that is shared between these two couples. However, although the stories share the same theme of financial difficulty, they differ in the way the couples love each other. Poverty is the common theme of both of the stories. The Edwards are living on close to nothing, but are making the best of whatever they can. They have a place to live and find means to survive, but the love they have for one another is the main factor that keeps them going, despite the discrimination they encounter in the white racist town they live in. â€Å"Waiters wanted none but white men need apply.† In â€Å"Mrs. Beazley’s Deeds, the couple is faced with financial hardships as well, however, they are on a different level. The Edward’s are just unfortunate in the way that they are black and are unable to find work; they were also probably born into poverty. However, the Beazley’s situation is due to Mr. Beazley’s business decisions. They own a store and many properties in the area, but his poor decisions forced them into bankruptcy and they had to keep borders in their home to make extra money. The property that Mr. Beazley lost belonged to his wife, and without permission he made decisions which affected his wife and their three children. â€Å" â€Å"Your going to sell the Rockford lot – I know it! How could you do it William? The very last piece of what my father left me!† â€Å" Mr. Beazley minded her outcry no more than he minded the squawking of a to... Free Essays on The Haves And The Have Nots Free Essays on The Haves And The Have Nots The Haves and Have-Nots is a book that contains many short stories all dealing with money or the lack of it and how it affects peoples lives. When looking for stories to compare and contrast â€Å"Hope Deferred† and â€Å"Mrs. Beazley’s Deeds† come to mind. These two stories are similar in the way that they are both about married couples living in poverty. Marriage is a difficult task in itself, but when poverty is involved it makes it much more difficult. Because of this we see all the love that is shared between these two couples. However, although the stories share the same theme of financial difficulty, they differ in the way the couples love each other. Poverty is the common theme of both of the stories. The Edwards are living on close to nothing, but are making the best of whatever they can. They have a place to live and find means to survive, but the love they have for one another is the main factor that keeps them going, despite the discrimination they encounter in the white racist town they live in. â€Å"Waiters wanted none but white men need apply.† In â€Å"Mrs. Beazley’s Deeds, the couple is faced with financial hardships as well, however, they are on a different level. The Edward’s are just unfortunate in the way that they are black and are unable to find work; they were also probably born into poverty. However, the Beazley’s situation is due to Mr. Beazley’s business decisions. They own a store and many properties in the area, but his poor decisions forced them into bankruptcy and they had to keep borders in their home to make extra money. The property that Mr. Beazley lost belonged to his wife, and without permission he made decisions which affected his wife and their three children. â€Å" â€Å"Your going to sell the Rockford lot – I know it! How could you do it William? The very last piece of what my father left me!† â€Å" Mr. Beazley minded her outcry no more than he minded the squawking of a to...

Discussion Paper Strategic Management Opinion Essay

Discussion Paper Strategic Management Opinion - Essay Example The Grocer and Construction News are typical and comparatively large circulation weeklies, which the trade uses both to assess itself and to inform itself of environmental changes it may need to act upon (Lowe, 1999, p. 232). Wiretapping is definitely not appropriate because this is unethical. Wiretapping competitors is one type of economic espionage. This is the "clandestine collection of trade secrets or proprietary information about a company's competitors. This practice is illegal and unethical and carries serious criminal penalties for the offending individual or business" (Kerin, 2003). Posing as potential customers is probably not appropriate because this is one type of deception. Morally, it is wrong to deceive competitors just to obtain information. Ultimately, ethical choices are based on the personal moral philosophy of the decision maker. If your employees know you have practiced this, they might get the wrong impression and they might follow suit and deceive your own organization. As emphasized above, information is power. This might be appropriate if the aim is to know what are the advantages and disadvantages of your competitors' products. This practice will be beneficial because you will know on what to improve with regards to make your products at par with the competitors'. There is nothing wron

The Development of Socio-Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Development of Socio-Autobiography - Essay Example I have developed the opinion that the complicated forms in society are better understood with the experience gained in facing societal challenges. Having raised three children who are currently teenagers, I have learnt to appreciate the value of family principles. I had been raised to value the concept offered in safeguarding family values through providing care and attention to the members within the family setting. These measures have been the changes that have encouraged the formation of the moral law within my family setting. My family has always valued the need to support members through difficult experiences. I believe that I have managed to guide my children to the age where I can easily entrust their care, to my treasured family members. The modern society has been developed to offer opportunities to hardworking individuals in facing the harsh economic crisis. Ever since my divorce in 2007, I have attained alternative options to support my three children. This has been in the quest to articulate the mode of survival. My family has since been lucky to have the moral support from my parents who have been my role models. The sociological knowledge has helped me appreciate the various formations within the immediate environment. Since I joined the army four years ago, I have gained the experience to accept the stereotypical behavior developed in a biased system. Life in Afghanistan is different from the American system, and the daily tasks vary in the scale. Furthermore, I had been presented with the challenge of gender disparity with minimal support for women within the army. Through these challenges, the experiences accorded have enabled my understanding of the different setting in lifestyle. I have also learnt to appreciate the family setting in a multicultural setting and the values believed to drive the ambition to achieve success. Through this socio-autobiography, I have managed to understand my experiences and the need to deliver an effective guidanc e to the growth of my children. I have managed to gain the incentives into the values that had shaped my existence within my family, and the value of gaining intelligence through advanced education. I had faced the challenge of a divorce when my eldest child had been only 13 years in 2007. This experience had been a difficult moment with three children who needed the moral and material support. I sought to find the strategy that would be needed in offering uttermost attention and care to my children. I had not been prepared for the experience because I had valued the element of family setting and stable formulation of regulations within a familiar construction. This has since changed with experiences in a new cultural base in Afghanistan with the challenge of hostile engagement. The army had been the source of support that I had needed to deliver support to my family members. Although the difficulty faced in Afghanistan involves challenges from stereotypical attitude from the native s, I have managed to gain courage from the experiences that I had raising my family. In the Afghanistan setting, there is minimal opportunity and experience realized in women participating in battles. They are charged with the role of offering support to their children and provide the necessities. Women are undermined and offered the stereotypical behavior to be linked to minor roles within the family. However, my family had supported my desire to progress and become an active member of the society.

Legal Sources of the UK Constitution and Human Rights Law

Legal Sources of the UK Constitution and Human Rights Law 1. The UK constitution is described as an unwritten one. Explain with reference to the legal sources of the UK constitution and appropriate examples, why it is called unwritten, and consider whether the distinction between a written and unwritten constitution is legally significant. The word constitution has many different meanings, however only two of them are applicable to constitutional law. Firstly, constitution could mean a written document which contains the rules and principles according to which a country is run. Secondly, the word constitution could refer to: the body of rules and arrangements concerning the government of the country.[1] The second definition does not impose any requirement of writing. It should be stressed that although some states do not have a written constitution every country in the world, including the UK, has a constitution in the second sense of the word. Over the centuries the attitude towards the British/English constitution ranged from admiration to sever criticism. Thomas Paine went even further, he ruled out a possibility that an English constitution could exist.[2] The British constitution has been sometimes described as ‘political.’ Griffith believes the word ’political’ can be used to refer to a wide range of qualities, e.g. the UK constitution assumes equality of all citizens and many important rules are not legal rules. He also stressed that operation of the constitution is closely linked to Parliament and Parliamentary elections, this leads to a conclusion that the British constitution must be analysed in the political context.[3] The UK constitution draws on a wide range of sources: statutes, common law, the royal prerogative, international treaties and agreements, conventions and academic texts written by legal experts. As an expression of Parliament’s will statutes are the most important source of law, some of them have a particular constitutional significance, e.g. the Magna Carta 1215, the Act of Settlement 1701, the Representation of the People Act 1983 and the Human Rights Act 1998. Another written source of law is case-law. Although judges should merely interpret the law, and not get involved into a law making process, many crucial legal principles have been established in the course of legal proceedings, for example in British Railways Board v Pickin[4] Lord Reid said that the courts have no power to overrule Acts of Parliament on any grounds. International treaties and agreements, such as for instance the Treaty of Rome 1957, have also become a source of English law; similarly, texts written b y legal experts may acquire exceptional legal significance, e.g. Diceys An Introduction to the Study of Law of the Constitution. The unwritten sources of the UK constitution are the royal prerogative and conventions. The royal prerogative stems from the powers which used to be exercised exclusively by the monarch and which are now exercised by the ministers on the Queens behalf. The examples of the royal prerogative are the power to declare war, the control over the appointment of ministers and the right to dissolve Parliament. The legal nature of conventions is somewhat different, they are non-legal norms which should be obeyed by those to whom they apply; although conventions cannot be enforced by the courts they are usually respected. As the above discussion illustrates, a large part of the constitution is written. However, due to lack of a separate document which could be called a constitution this fact is often disregarded and the UK constitution is said to be unwritten. The unwritten character of the UK constitution, or rather the existence of unwritten rules, has serious legal implications. The first point to note is that Parliament can pass and revoke the law as it sees fit. Until recently the British constitution did not guarantee any rights; although an Act, called the Bill of Rights, was enacted as early as 1688 it dealt exclusively with issues related to Parliament and Crown. This meant that, in theory, Parliament could pass any legislation it considered appropriate even if it infringed rights of UK citizens. Prior to the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998 the only limitation on the Parliamentary sovereignty in cases involving of human rights violation would have been the rule of law. However, effectiveness of the rule would have been limited if the courts, wanting to avoid interference with Parliamentary decisions, refused to enforce it. This should be juxtaposed with countries which have written constitutions and where rights of ordinary citizens are protected by specially drafted provisions. In addition to being uncodified the UK constitution is flexible and unitary (provided devolution is not taken into account) but it is not entrenched. The result is that while written constitutions are rigid the UK constitution is flexible, an advantage of flexibility is that any necessary changes can be introduced quickly and relatively easily. On the other however, lack of entrenchment leaves a lot of power in the hands of a small group of people. Moreover, unwritten constitutions always involve a degree of vagueness, the situation is made worse by the fact that norms which are not written cannot be enforced by the courts. These problems do not arise if the constitution is written, yet it does not follow that all the relevant law can be found in the constitution. Munro argued: â€Å"It ( ) also suggested, wrongly that in countries such as the United States, all the rules and arrangements concerning government had been reduced to writing in a single document. In practice, this is never the case.†[5] Both written and unwritten constitutions rely on the legal precedent, they are formed and modified by judicial interpretations of the law and political practices. The UK constitution is said to be unwritten however as has been shown above it is not, strictly speaking, true. The constitution relies on a wide range of sources and most of them can be found in writing. It has already been mentioned that the constitution can be described as political, yet following developments such incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights, membership of the European Union and changes which took place post-1997, more and more constitutional rules are being codified. Thus, according to Munro the UK constitution is becoming ’legal.’[6] It is, therefore, submitted that the gap between the unwritten British constitution and the written constitutions in other countries is gradually becoming narrower. The new EU constitution may close this gap entirely. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition, 1999. ARTICLES Griffith, John, The political constitution, (1979) 42 MLR 1. CASES British Railways Board v Pickin [1974] AC 765, [1974] 1 All ER 609. STATUTES, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 1215Magna Carta 1688Bill of Rights 1701Act of Settlement 1950 European Convention on Human Rights 1957Treaty of Rome 1983Representation of the People Act 1998Human Rights Act 2. Explain the doctrine of ministerial responsibility to Parliament. Consider whether it should be constitutionally necessary for Ministers to defend their decisions in judicial review claims before a court, as well as answering to Parliament for those decisions. Ministerial responsibility can be either collective or individual, since it is a convention it is unwritten and unenforceable in the courts of law. The operation of the doctrine can be described as follows: â€Å"Ministers are responsible for the general conduct of government, including the exercise of many powers legally vested in the Monarch; and ultimately, through Parliament and parties, to the electorate†[7] The convention of ministerial responsibility has a historical origin, it is a product of tradition and a multitude of historical events. In the nineteenth century ministerial departments used to be very small and the ministers’ workload was limited, in this circumstances it was not unreasonable to expect ministers to be responsible for all their civil servants; this explains how the doctrine of individual ministerial responsibility was born. Collective ministerial responsibility can be traced back to the ministers’ relationship with the Monarch, in the past the sovereign played a role of the Prime Minister and ministers were expected to answer to him. A minister who fails in the performance of his duties has four options: he can explain the situation to Parliament, apologise to Parliament, choose to take action or, in extreme cases, resign. The convention of individual ministerial responsibility has often been found problematic, it is not always clear when, and for what reasons, ministers should resign. It is debatable whether they should resign due to problems in their departments or only if they fail to accomplish tasks for which they are personally responsible. In the past ministers could not be excused from responsibility for their own civil servants, however following the Crichel Down affair (1954) the convention no longer seems to be so severe. It can even be argued that as ministers begun to refuse to resign there has been a shift towards the other extreme. In 1983 James Prior did not hand in his resignation over the Maze Prison escapes. In his view the fallings of the prison system resulted from an inadequate policy.[8] Th e Scott report also had an effect of limiting ministerial responsibility, it concluded that ministers should continue to answer to Parliament but they should no longer be personally responsible for the mistakes of their subordinates. The Nolan Report on the other hand deepened the extent of ministerial responsibility, it stated that ministers should avoid conflicts of interests and bear in mind the impact which their private lives may have on their ministerial positions.[9] The past few years have seen an increasing drive towards accountability, transparency and codification. Thus, in 1992 a decision was taken to publish the previously confidential Questions of procedure for ministers. The Questions, which are now known as Ministerial Code: A Code of Conduct and Guidance on Procedures for Ministers, provided guidance for ministers and played a role of a partly codified convention. In 1995 the Code was amended and the new version instructed ministers not to intentionally misinform Parliament. Appointment of Select Committees also had an impact on ministerial responsibility, the Committees can conduct their own enquiries, question ministers and interview witnesses. At the same time, however, complaints have been made regarding the availability of witnesses and access to documents. The doctrine of collective ministerial responsibility is based on three main principles: the confidence principle, the unanimity principle and the confidentiality principle. The fist principle presumes support of the House of Commons as long as the Government does not receive a vote of no confidence. The second principle imposes an obligation on ministers to vote unanimously while the confidentiality principle demands that any discussions which take place in Cabinet remain confidential. A good example of a breach of the convention of collective responsibility is Clare Short’s disapproval for the war in Iraq. Judicial review can be described as a process of challenging decisions of public bodies, public bodies include the executive but not Parliament. Judicial review proceeding are conducted by the Divisional Court of the Queens Bench. It should not be confused with an appeal procedure, judicial review involves an assessment of the legality of a decision. There are three grounds on which the court can declare a decision ‘unlawful:’ illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety. Illegality arises when the law has been misunderstood or misinterpreted and therefore applied incorrectly, irrationality applies to cases where the judgement appears unreasonable or unfairness, while procedural impropriety refers to cases involving bias. Following the judgement in R. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council[10] even discretionary ministerial powers can now be challenged in the process of judicial review. Nevertheless, review of ministerial powers will not be possible in cases involving political decisions, national security or government policy. In R v Director of GCHQ ex parte Hodges[11] one of the judges said: I apprehend for myself that the majority of their lordships were of the view that once it had been established by evidence that a decision had been made on behalf of Government in the interests of national security the whole ambit of that decision was one which the courts can neither enquire nor intervene. It is undisputable that the GCHQ case is a groundbreaking decision, instead of concentrating on the source of the power the courts have been encouraged to focus on its nature. Many forms of scrutiny of the ministerial power are already in place, ministers answer to Parliament, they are subject to judicial review and in cases of serious misconduct they may be investigated by the Select Committees. As regards the breach of conventions the sanctions are political rather than legal, this means that conventions may be ignored and courts are unable to compel the executive to obey them. Yet, ministers may be subjected to political pressure, Clare Short resigned two months after her Iraq war announcement while Sir Thomas Dugdale resigned over the Crichel Down affair. In the later case the process of Parliamentary scrutiny was as a result of pressure exerted by backbenches. In these circumstances, it does not seem necessary for the ministers to answer to Parliament as well as be subjected to judicial review. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition, 1999. ARTICLES Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Individual ministerial responsibility issues and examples, Research Paper 04/31, (2004). Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Collective responsibility of Ministers an outline of the issues, Research Paper 04/82, (2004). CASES R. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council [1991] 1 AC 521. R v Director of GCHQ ex parte Hodges (1988) QBD. 3. Explain whether devolution has had any impact on the sovereignty of the Westminster Parliament. Devolution is delegation of centrally held power to regional governments. In the 1980s New Labour advocated devolution in order to win votes in Scotland and Wales, however the actual process of transferring power did not gain momentum until the 1990s. Devolution featured in the New Labours election manifesto and it was only when New Labour won the general election that changes begun to take place. Yet, the reasons behind devolution were not only political but also economic. In the 1980s England was going through a period of high unemployment and although the economic situation in England was critical it was even worse in Scotland and Wales. There was also a feeling of discontent caused by an unequal distribution of EU funds and unfair economic policies which favoured England. Dissatisfaction with British rule was even more visible in Ireland where it frequently led to violence. The 1916 rebellion in Dublin, known as the Easter Rising, was followed by the two year civil war. Eventuall y, the persistence of Sinn Fein forced the British Government to negotiate and Ireland was divided into two parts. Britain retained a much smaller northern part which is now known as the Republic of Northern Ireland.[12] Both academics and politicians distinguish three different types of devolution: administrative, legal and financial.[13] As the name implies, administrative devolution involves delegation of power to manage parts of the administrative system. The central government retains control over related matters of greater importance, for instance even if a regional body is put in charge of healthcare and/or education, as it is the case in Scotland, privatisation decisions must be taken by Westminster. Financial devolution involves granting of power to rise taxes, change the taxation rate or make decisions concerning distribution of public funds. Similarly, legislative devolution refers to the transfer of rights to pass legislation. Devolution is often said to be asymmetrical this means that power is not distributed evenly, e.g. although the structure of the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly are similar the later cannot legislate on policing and criminal matters.[14] These a rrangements have far-reaching consequences for Westminster, firstly it can be argued that following the break-up of the colonial system Parliament exercises its powers over a smaller geographical area.[15] Devolution, along with the membership of the European Union, create an impression that the remaining Parliamentary influence outside England is largely superficial. Secondly, the fact that devolution is asymmetrical could lead to calls for additional rights in order to redress the balance, the White Paper considering an extension of legislative powers of the National Assembly of Wales is already being considered.[16] According to Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, a classic work by Dicey, sovereignty means that Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.[17] In view of the above discussed developments can it still be argued that Westminster has not suffered any loss of sovereignty? Theoretically, there is no conflict between sovereignty and the process of devolution, in the memorandum to the Procedure Committee, the Leader of the House, Margaret Beckett said: None of the devolution legislation affects the House’s ability to pass legislation on any matter. For all public bills, the Government would expect that a convention would be adopted that Westminster would not normally legislate with regard to devolved matters without the consent of the devolved body.[18] Finally, Munro explains that being sovereign Parliament is free to impose limitations on its own power.[19] Despite what has been said above there is also evidence to the contrary, devolution produced a paradoxical effect known as the West Lothian Question. It means that although Scottish MPs can seat in the British Parliament and decide on issues related exclusively to England English MPs have no influence on similar Scottish issues which have been devolved. This situation has been severally criticised on many occasions and led to calls for an English Parliament.[20] Parliament tackled these problems by further devolution but this time power was devolved to the English regions, e.g. the Regional Agencies Act 1998 established development agencies[21] while in 2000 the newly established Greater London Authority saw its own elected Mayor and the London Assembly. In November 2005 the Government issued a Consultation Paper which proposes extending the responsibilities of the London Assembly and the London Major.[22] These developments have already limited, and will continue to limit, the power s traditionally held by the legislature and the executive. Although, in theory, Parliament could choose to withdraw the devolved powers at any time a total withdrawal is unlikely to be possible in practice. Westminster would have to consider both political and social implications of such actions and it is likely that the response of the public would range from widespread discontent to outright violence. Riots would be likely to break out in Northern Ireland where, as mentioned at the beginning of this paper, violent resistance to English rule has taken place in the past. In 1972 Edward Heath re-established direct rule over Northern Ireland, he was criticised by both unionists and nationalists. The sense of national identity in Northern Ireland remains very strong while in Scotland objections to a withdrawal of devolved powers would probably be raised on nationalist, and particularly economic, grounds. Consequently, it is difficult to deny that devolution undermined sovereignty of Westminster Parliament; arguments to the contrary have limited , and purely theoretical, validity. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, (1999), Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition. ARTICLES CONSULTATION PAPERS A Consultation Paper, The Greater London Authority: The Government’s proposals for additional powers and responsibilities for the Mayor and Assembly, (2005). Leeke Matthew, Chris Sear and Oonagh Gay, An Introduction to Devolution in the UK, Research Paper 03/84, (2003). Wood, Edward, The Procedural Consequences of Devolution, Research Paper 99/85, (1999). WHITE PAPERS STATUTES 1998Regional Agencies Act 2005Government White Paper: Better Governance For Wales INTERNET SOURCES Campaign for an English Parliament, http://thecep.org.uk/devolution.shtml [Accessed on 4 August 2006]. 4. Explain how the Human Rights Act 1998 has changed the approach to the protection of human rights in the law of England and Wales. Has the change been for the better or for the worse? Enactment of the Human Rights Act was one of the many objectives which featured in the New Labour’s 1997 election manifesto, the proposal to implement the Act was also part of a much broader programme of constitutional reforms. The statute, which entered into force in 2000, implements the European Convention on Human Rights. According to Lord Lester of Herne Hill the Human Rights Act 1998: â€Å"declares basic rights and freedoms inherent in our common humanity, and the ethical values of a modern democratic society governed under the rule of law a society in which individual and minority rights must be protected against the tyranny of majorities and the abuse of public powers, especially where excessive means are used to pursue legitimate ends. The Act provides an ethical framework to guide law- makers, judges, and individual men and women.†[23] However, as will be shown below the changes brought on by the Act have not always been considered positive. Prior to its entry into force the Act received a lot of negative media coverage, concerns were raised about widespread abuses of the immigration procedures as well as the welfare system. There were also fears that the Act would force judges to disregard Acts of Parliament and by doing so undermine the doctrine of Parliamentary supremacy. Yet, as the subsequent events have shown most of these concerns proved misplaced. The unease about statutory interpretation was mainly due to section 3 which provides that, whenever possible, legislation must be enforced consistently with the Convention. Section 4 adds that in cases where such interpretation is not possible the court may issue a declaration of incompatibility. The declaration does not overrule any provisions but merely states that the law does not comply with the European Convention of Human Rights. The Act lead to an increased protection for the rights of individuals, e.g. in Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones v Hello![24] the Court of Appeal recognised the right to privacy. Another notable example of human rights protection is the decision in Mendoza v Ghaidan,[25] in this case the protected Rent Act tenant passed away. The court was asked to consider whether, for the purposes of the law of succession, the surviving homosexual partner should have the same rights as he would have had if the couple was heterosexual. The case is significant for several reasons: firstly, the court held that discrimination was unlawful, secondly, it shows that the Human Rights Act applies both to public and private bodies and thirdly, the court interpreted the Rent Act 1977 broadly enough to give effect to the Convention rights. In the opinion of Lord Lester of Herne Hill Mendoza[26] was correctly decided, he even prised the decision for upholding constitutional rights which include equal tre atment.[27] Despite what has been said above the Act is also known to have its opponents. The decision in R (Q and others) v Secretary of State for the Home Department[28] proved particularly contentious and it has been a subject of a sever ministerial criticism. The court held that firstly, the Home Secretary must support asylum-seekers and secondly, the Home Office acted in breach of Article 6. Article 6, which grants a right to a free trial, was violated when the applicants were refused to have their circumstances assessed on individual basis, moreover they were not allowed to appeal. In response to this decision the Home Secretary, David Blunkett, said: If public policy can be always overridden by individual challenge through the courts, then democracy itself is under threat.†[29] In Alconbury Limited v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions[30] Lord Hoffmann was equally disapproving of the way the case-law has been developing, he that although the Human Rights Act was meant to reinforce the rule of law it reinforced the rule of lawyers instead. September 11 gave rise to many contentious legal issues, human rights, terrorism, extradition and prohibition of torture are now hotly debated. Some of the problems stem from the fact that newly granted civil liberties are counter-balanced by measures introduced on the grounds of national security; hence the Terrorism Act, which came into force on 13 April 2006, prohibits ’glorification’ of terrorism. The ’glorification’ of terrorism is now a criminal offence and applies to speech as well as membership of political and non-political groups. There is a possibility that the provisions of the Act will conflict with the rights guaranteed by the Human Rights Act 1998, future challenges are likely to be based on Article 10 which guarantees freedom of speech and expression. It is yet to be seen what will be the effect of the Act and how it will be interpreted. Another issue which has become particularly contentious is extradition. The Human Rights Act 1998 does n ot contain any provisions prohibiting extradition however it does impose some conditions, the person who is being extradited should not be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment. Finally, can it be said that following the implementation of the Human Rights Act the protection of human rights has improved or, on the contrary, worsened? It seems that there is no ’right’ answer to this question. As has been shown above, ministers can be very critical of the way the Act is interpreted while the judiciary appears very enthusiastic. Nonetheless, human rights are now an integral, and written, part of the British constitution. The Act introduced a new approach to statutory interpretation and added to the range of reasons on which government action can be found unlawful. In other words it increased the accountability of the executive and at the same time encouraged respect for the rule of law. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the Act facilitated many positive changes. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition, 1999. ARTICLES Glover, Richard, Retrospectivity and the Human Rights Act 1998, [2003] 4 JCLI. CASES Alconbury Limited v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions [2001] 2 WLR 1389. Mendoza v Ghaidan [2003] 2 WLR 478. Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones v Hello! (2001) 2 All ER 289. R (Q and others) v Secretary of State for the Home Department, 20 February 2003, Times Law Reports STATUTES 1998 Human Rights Act 2006Terrorism Act INTERNET SOURCES Lester, Anthony, The Human Rights Act five years on. 2003 (online). Available from: http://www.hrla.org.uk/docs/lord lester.pdf#search=human rights act 1998 law [Accessed on 6 August 2006]. Footnotes [1] Munro, Colin R., Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths) 1999, p. 1. [2] Munro 2. [3] Griffith, John, The political constitution, (1979) 42 MLR 1. [4] [1974] AC 765, [1974] 1 All ER 609. [5] Munro 3. [6] Munro 13. [7] Munro, Colin R., Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths) 1999, p. 57, per G. Marshall and GC Moodie. [8] Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Individual ministerial responsibility issues and examples, Research Paper 04/31, (2004). [9] Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Collective responsibility of Ministers an outline of the issues, Research Paper 04/82, (2004). [10] [1991] 1 AC 521. [11] (1988) QBD. [12] Munro 32. [13] Munro 29 44. [14]Matthew Leeke, Chris Sear and Oonagh Gay, Parliament and Constitution Centre, An Introduction to Devolution in the UK, Research Paper 03/84, (2003), p 7. [15] Munro 127 -166. [16] Government