A Brief Note On Mixed Health Care System - 1163 Words

Brazil Mixed health care system – The public system has universal health coverage so everyone so everyone can use it at no additional cost. Another 25% of the population has private health insurance and are still entitled to the public healthcare system. In 2014 the federal budget for health care was 106 billion. They have established the SUS (Unified health system) which evaluates the efficiency, safety, effectiveness and cost of different phases of diseases with different technologies. They have created a National health technology incorporation committee which is a multidisciplinary committee that has both technical area and a decision making body which makes assessments with the use of scientific data on the accuracy, safety,†¦show more content†¦India India’s healthcare system can be a conundrum. Most of its 1.2 billion population go without proper healthcare. Only the wealthy can afford to visit private hospitals, stocked with the latest imaging and medical devices. Individual clinics provide cheap basic care and diagnoses, but refer patients to larger hubs for surgery and other complicated care needs. They have a huge demand for equipment and supplies yet spending remains small percentage of per capita spending. High tech high quality products are sought after by corporate groups. The latest 5 year plan from 2012-2017 proposes to expand healthcare by doubling public health spending by 6 % of the 2.5% GDP and plan to increase health coverage from 25%-75%. But since the government lacks infrastructure they are allowing private investors the opportunity, but these new implementations have been delayed by government drawbacks. China They have a very fragmented healthcare system. They have a different branch for every sector from pricing to distribution to reimbursement and payment systems along with registration and approval administration. This has resulted in China being a very difficult country to emerge into for medical companies. Their share of health care expenditures in GDP of 5.4% in 2013. This is the first

Effects of Different Drug Use Short Term and Long Term Essay

Amphetamines are typically used to provide the same effect that pure adrenaline does. The drug is specified for people with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity as well as narcolepsy, although if you decide to abuse the drug and use it for recreational purposes you may start to feel paranoia and nervousness. Using amphetamines can also put a strain on the circulatory system by causing the users blood pressure to increase suddenly. (Amphetamine) Long term psychological effects of the drug can cause something called amphetamine psychosis which is much like paranoid schizophrenia. This could lead towards hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and obsessions. (Amphetamine) Examples of amphetamines include adderall, benzidrine, and†¦show more content†¦His chest was huge, the muscles at the bottom of his neck were bulging, and his arms were thicker than his head. I could tell without knowing for sure that he has been using steroids and I was right. Friends of mine have confirmed my theory as well as give me details of his rage turning into fist fights. Cocaine is a stimulant that reacts within the cells of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Once cocaine has entered your body, the brains nerve cells release dopamine. Afterwards the brain doesn’t allow dopamine to re-enter the brain. At some point the brain lets the dopamine back in, leading to a fast comedown. (Cocaine) The comedown process is much like a hangover which includes stuffed nose, headaches, depression, and lack of concentration. (Cocaine) Using cocaine too often creates a higher tolerance to the drug and this disappoints the user because they need to take more to get as high as they would be during the first couple of times using the drug, which eventually leads to addiction. When the user is addicted, they have acquired cocaine psychosis which can cause paranoia, hallucinations, and violence. (Cocaine) Addiction to cocaine is not beneficial in the long run as you might have guessed. The user eventually develops changes in their mood and they undergo immense mood swings ranging from depression to violence. Paranoia is a typical side effect of long termShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse. What Is Substance Abuse . Substance Abuse1300 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse What is substance abuse Substance abuse is the use of drugs, alcohol, or chemicals. The substance abuse results in physical, psychological, emotional harm to the user or others. People abuse substances such as drugs and alcohol for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that it comes at a significant cost. 0Substance abuse can be recognized through it s signs and behavior changes, as well as short and long term effects. There are various ways however to treat substance abuse.Read MoreThe Facts About Methamphetamine Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthat is associated with this drug. 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Production and Operations Management Communities

Questions: Describe the process by which profits or losses are eroded Comment on productive and allocative efficiency of firms in the model. Choose an industry where monopolistic competition prevails, illustrate and evaluate the behaviour of firms in the market. Answers: Introduction: As per the statement of Feenstra (2016), it can be mentioned that in the monopolistically competitive type market structure, there exists a large number of producers. These producers sale differentiated products. Therefore, it can be stated that the goods and services are not substitutes to each other. The sellers also able to set out the price and the competitors can also reflect their behavior on the pricing strategy. Hence, it can be inferred that product differentiation is the major key determinant to determine the market construction of the monopolistic competition. In the points of Balistreri and Rutherford (2013), it can be mentioned that the market under the monopolistic competition is the collection of perfect competition and the monopoly. The companies participate can freely enter into the market under monopolistic competition. In addition, it can be added that under the aggregate market structure, each firms are acted like a monopolist. Here, the manufacturing goods are differentiated but closely substitutes. The demand curve is also downward sloping. The demand curve of the products can also determine the price of the goods. According to Kirzner (2015), it can be mentioned that each of the companies aim to maximize their profits under monopolistically competition. In this connection, all firms focused to set the output level in such a manner that marginal cost of the market is similar to the marginal revenue. Therefore, the first order condition fir maximize the profit can be described as MR=MC. This is also similar to the market of monopolistic competition. However, the major difference among monopolistic competition and monopoly can be explained as in monopolistic competition, the marginal revenue curve lies above the residual demand curve in the position of demand curve of the market of monopolistic competition. Moreover, Bertoletti and Etro (2015) pointed that residual demand curve in monopolistic competition can be explained as the aggregate market demand curve; it is the net productivity of the producers. In the other words, it can be mentioned that monopolistic competition is a type of market, where there exist a large number of sellers. These sellers focused to sale different type of goods. However, the products are not perfectly substitutes or homogeneous in nature. In the words of Stiglitz Rosengard (2015), the market demand curve is of elastic in nature. In this context, it can be stated that the sellers sale differentiated goods, for which demand curve is elastic in nature. On the other hand, it can be observed that as the firms are closely substitute to the others; therefore, if one firm enhances their prices of the goods, then the consumers will get the chance to switch the firms in order to purchase the goods. However, Collier and Venables (2014) criticized that the demand elasticity of the goods and services under this type of market is not perfectly elastic. Therefore, it can be noticed that there are a small number of competitors under monopolistic competition. The above figure shows that the suppliers of the monopolistically competitive market are supposed to be price makers. The firms will produce at the point of Q. In this level, the marginal cost and the marginal revenue would be similar. The price would be estimated at the point where quantity of the selling products touches the average revenue curve. This situation arises as the participants have the power to control the market under this type of market structure. With the help of this situation, the social dead weight loss can be determined. On the other hand, the green colored shaded region shows the amounts of profits of the firms. This situation has occurred in the short run market. The above figure showed that the firms would be capable to manufacture up to that level where the long run marginal cost curve would touch the marginal revenue curve under the long run monopolistic competition. As per the opinion of Assenza et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that price of the goods would be estimated where the average revenue curve and the quantity crossed each other. As a result, it can be mentioned that the long run companies would break even. In addition, it can be stated that the monopolistic firms would earn their profits in the short run, the effect of monopoly pricing can lowering down the demand in the long run. This would in turn enhance the requirements for the participants to create a differentiation in the products. This will in turn raise the average total cost. As opined by Feenstra (2016), it can be mentioned that decrease in the demand and the increase of cost would in turn make the long run average cost tangent at the point of profit maximizing price of the goods. As a result, this situation has two implications. Firstly, the organizations under the monopolistic competition would produce surplus in the long run. Next, the monopolistically competitive firms would be able to break even under long run and can also earn the economic profitability. The above diagram depicted the shifting of the participants to the long run equilibrium. In the points of Feng, Wang and Zhang (2014), it can be mentioned that if the companies have earned positive as well as higher economic profitability in the monopolistically competitive market, other participants would get the chance to go into the competition. As a result, it can be observed that the market demand curve under the monopolistically competitive market would move towards the leftward. This shifting of demand curve would be continuous until the break even condition would occur within the market. On the other hand, Schweinberger Suedekum (2015) cited that other participants would not be permissible to enter into the marketplace. In the concept of economics, it can be mentioned that the firms of the monopolistically competitive firms are treated as the monopolistic firms. It is identified that the firms have the market power to determine the price of the goods. Hence, it can be stated that the firms are allowed to charge the prices where they are willing to make an influence on the products of the monopolistically competitive market. The price of the products can be evaluated where the profit maximizing level of the production would touch the demand curve. This price level is greater than the marginal cost of the firm. As a result, it can be mentioned that the customers need to pay the price, which is larger than the pricing structure in the perfectly competitive type market. This would in turn highlight the reduction of the consumer surplus. Moreover, it can be added that the producers under the monopolistic competition would produce less products compared to the perfect competition. Therefore, it can be inf erred that the profitability earning would be compensated when they earn higher profits by charging of higher price of the products. As a result, Lucas (2016) mentioned that the producer surplus would be reduced. From the above diagram it can be mentioned that the monopolistic competition creates the social dead weight loss and the inefficiency, which can be represented with the help of the brown colored region. It can be stated that the productive efficiency arises when a firm use all of the sources in an effectual manner. This situation would arise when the commodity price can be evaluated at the level of marginal cost. The marginal cost would be similar to the average cost of then goods. Moreover, Nikaido (2015) opined that the organizations also focused to determine the entire procedure of the products, which is greater than marginal cost in the monopolistic competition. This would indicate the ineffectiveness of the marketplace. This quantity is produced at the level where QM crosses the marginal cost curve. Similarly, it can be stated that the allocative efficiency would take place when a good is produced at the point, which would maximize the social welfare. This situation arises when the cost of the products is equal to the marginal benefits and this is equivalent to the marginal cost. Nonetheless, the price of the manufacturing goods in the monopolistically competitive market would be larger compared to the marginal cost. The market structure would not be allocative effective. According to Calvo Prez (2016), restaurant industry will be an ideal example of monopolistic competition. In the context, it can be stated that there are a number of restaurants in the monopolistic competition. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that there is no barriers to entry as well as no barriers to exit. In the points of Parenti, Ushchev and Thisse (2017), it can be added that every restaurants are closely substitutes to each other in the monopolistic competition. Profit maximization condition: According to Nikaido (2015), it can be mentioned that the restaurants raise the price up to a specific level, which is higher compared to the other restaurants, which also participate in the market. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that all of the restaurants are performing differently from the others, among which some of the individuals have aimed to support constantly. Under this type of market structure, the restaurants can effectively estimate the price level of the individuals, which is also unique. Short run market condition: In the points of Phelan et al. (2017), it can be mentioned that a restaurant would compete with the other restaurants as there are no barriers to exit as well as no barriers to entry. Hence, it can be noticed that the demand curve of the restaurants would be downward sloping. Moreover, it can be stated that the restaurant would aim to raise the price of the products than the other participants. As a result, the visitors would like to visit to the restaurants. The consumers usually like to visit where the price of the products are comparatively lower than the other firms. Hence, the marginal revenue curve of the firms would lie down the demand curve, which is downward sloping. Moreover, the marginal revenue curve of other food substances of the firms would be comparatively cheaper in the entire market price. Long run condition: In the points of Lucas (2016), it can be added that with the entry of new participants in the market place, the availability of getting the food staffs in the restaurants would be raised. If the demand of the food substances would be decreased, then it can be inferred that the demand curve of the restaurants would be highly elastic. As a result, the demand curve would move towards leftward. Therefore, new restaurants would also focus to come into the market place. This entrance of the restaurants into the market place would be continued where the restaurants would be able to earn higher profitability earning. Moreover, it can be added that zero solution would be noticed at the level where the market demand curve would be tangent with the average total cost curve. As a result, it can be inferred that the pricing structure of the food staffs in the restaurants would be decreased and the output level would also be decreased. The behavior of the restaurants in the monopolistic competition can be described in the following manner: Each and every restaurant in the monopolistic competition can take effective decision regarding the price as well as the output level. This pricing structure of the restaurants would be developed depending upon the cost of production of the foods. Information regarding the market structure is increased within the participants. Nonetheless, it is unlikely perfect. In addition, Roper, Love and Bonner (2017) cited that the consumers get the chance to make a re-evaluation about the food substances of the restaurants. This can be accessible within the restaurants before choosing the menus. However, they would not be able to worth the quality as well as the value of the service of the restaurant. In the words of Balistreri Rutherford (2013), it can be mentioned that the risks generated under the monopolistically competitive market, which is associated with the decision making procedure. Moreover, the entrepreneur performed an essential role compared to the other participants within the competition. The participants can also enter or leave from the market freely. Therefore, it can be opined that there are no barriers to entry as well as no barriers to exit within the market. On the other hand, it can be observed that in the monopolistic competition, there are four types of products. According to Stiglitz and Rosengard (2015), it can be identified that the first product differentiation is associated with the physical product differentiation. In this context, it can be stated that the size, design, the performance and the shape of the products are associated with the differentiated products. Secondly, product differentiation is connected with the packaging of the products and the promotional procedure. Next, human capital differentiation is based upon the skills and the knowledge of the employees of the firms. Lastly, it can be stated that product differentiation is depending upon the distribution procedure and in this process, mailing order and the internet shopping can be a greater example, which can efficiently relate this concept. As per the statement of Zhelobodko et al. (2012), the restaurants can take the help of advertisements to promote the service of their organization. As a result, the consumers or the visitors can get clear information about the product specification and can also identify the product differentiation. In the given case study, it can be noticed that Adani Groups Carmichael coal mine is positioned in Galilee Basin, Queensland. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the performance of the organization has released many harmful gases. As a result, third parties have been facing from negative externalities. In this context, it can be mentioned that the first and the second parties are identified such as the producers as well as the consumer respectively. In the opinion of Olabi (2016), it can be mentioned that negative externality is associated with the cost or with the benefits. This has an effect on the third party. They are not supposed to incur cost or the benefit. In addition, it can be mentioned that negative externality is related with the external cost of the products. This above figure identifies the impact of the negative externality. The optimal production quality can be evaluated by the output level Q2. In this level, the negative externality can reflect the output level at Q1. The shaded region can highlight the deadweight loss of the society. Moreover, the impact of negative externalities of the coal mine company can be explained in the following manner: It can reduce the life expectancy as the organization release many harmful gases. The harmful gases are such as ozone, sulphur dioxide. In this connection, it can be mentioned that these gases have the direct and negative impact on the health of the individuals. The respiratory system of the human being would be affected from these harmful gases. As a result, they may admit in the health care centers. Instead of this, the individuals would face from serious diseases and they may suffer from several lungs diseases, ataxia or renal dysfunction etc. Instead of this, Lucas (2016) opined that Adani Groups operation function increase the pollution in the atmosphere. This is considered as the negative externality as this has a negative impact on the individuals. In addition, it can be stated that the third parties are forced to pay for this negative externalities. Therefore, the coal mining company would reflect a negative impact on the negative cost on the individuals. Moreover, Nikaido (2015) cited that this coal mining organization has also discharged green house gas. This green house gas has a negative impact on the environment. From the reviews of report, it can be mentioned that Adani Groups has discharged sulphur around 145 million tons. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the air has been polluting due to the discharging of another harmful gas such as gravely toxic. According to Baumol Blinder (2015), it can be added that negative externality has the indirect effect on the economic operation. Therefore, it can be opined tha t external diseconomy would affect the atmosphere by raising the pollution level. This diagram highlights the impact of external diseconomy. The coal industry is operating in the competitive type market structure. In this purpose, it can be observed that marginal social cost is greater compared to the marginal private cost. Marginal social cost is greater for the reason of external cost. In addition, it can be mentioned that the marginal benefit is connected with the operation of coal mining. Therefore, the marginal social cost is equivalent to the marginal benefit. From the above diagram, it can be stated that the individual private cost can be determined along with the determination of P1 price level and the Q1 level of quantity. On the other hand, it can be added that individual would not choose the effective and higher price level P2 and the effective quantity level Q2. Moreover, social benefit is lower than social benefit. This study is essential to understand the growth of the environmental recompense instruments. This would be able to reduce the negative externality. Moreover, it can be mentioned that ecological services can increase the economic evaluation. Market failure is also related with the operation function of Adani Group. By supervising the performance of the organization, resource developers would be able to restore the well being of the locality. As a result, environmental balances of that place would be improved. References Assenza, T., Grazzini, J., Hommes, C., and Massaro, D. 2015. PQ strategies in monopolistic competition: Some insights from the lab.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,50, 62-77. Balistreri, E. J., and Rutherford, T. F. 2013. Computing general equilibrium theories of monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms.Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling,1, 1513-1570. Baumol, W. J., and Blinder, A. S. 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bertoletti, P., and Etro, F. 2015. Monopolistic competition when income matters.The Economic Journal. Calvo, J. A. P., and Prez, A. M. J. 2016. Optimal extraction policy when the environmental and social costs of the opencast coal mining activity are internalized: Mining District of the Department of El Cesar (Colombia) case study.Energy Economics,59, 159-166. Collier, P., and Venables, A. J. 2014. Closing coal: economic and moral incentives.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,30(3), 492-512. Erku?-ztrk, H., and Terhorst, P. 2016. Innovative restaurants in a mass-tourism city: Evidence from Antalya.Tourism Management,54, 477-489. Feenstra, R. C. 2016. Gains from Trade Under Monopolistic Competition.Pacific Economic Review,21(1), 35-44. Feng, S., Wang, D., and Zhang, X. 2014. Study on Ecological Compensation for Coal Mining Activities Based on Economic Externalities.Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,2(02), 151. Kirzner, I. M. 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lucas, A. 2016. Stranded assets, externalities and carbon risk in the Australian coal industry: The case for contraction in a carbon-constrained world.Energy Research and Social Science,11, 53-66. Nikaido, H. 2015.Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Olabi, A. G. 2016. Energy quadrilemma and the future of renewable energy.Energy,108, 1-6. Parenti, M., Ushchev, P., and Thisse, J. F. 2017. Toward a theory of monopolistic competition.Journal of Economic Theory,167, 86-115. Park, S. J., Cachon, G. P., Lai, G., and Seshadri, S. 2015. Supply chain design and carbon penalty: monopoly vs. monopolistic competition.Production and Operations Management,24(9), 1494-1508. Phelan, A. A., Dawes, L., Costanza, R., and Kubiszewski, I. 2017. Evaluation of social externalities in regional communities affected by coal seam gas projects: A case study from Southeast Queensland.Ecological Economics,131, 300-311. Roberts, K. 2014. The limit points of monopolistic competition.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 141. Roper, S., Love, J. H., and Bonner, K. (2017). Firms knowledge search and local knowledge externalities in innovation performance.Research Policy,46(1), 43-56. Schweinberger, A. G., and Suedekum, J. (2015). De-industrialization and entrepreneurship under monopolistic competition.Oxford Economic Papers,67(4), 1174-1185. Stiglitz, J. E., and Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton and Company. Zhelobodko, E., Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., and Thisse, J. F. (2012). Monopolistic competition: Beyond the constant elasticity of substitution.Econometrica,80(6), 2765-2784.

Memo and Notice of Meeting Example free essay sample

Please be reminded that prompt and efficient service is the key to a successful business. The clients you serve are the business’ future and maintaining a good relationship with them is very important. A good relationship with clients can only be maintained through Prompt and Efficient Service. Delivering, collecting and repairing machines promptly is vital to the survival of a company. Therefore, you are reminded to act promptly. It is also important that there be proper communication with clients if there is a problem. We almost lost a client as a result of improper behaviour. TES VOLUNTARY CARERS ASSOCIATION NOTICE OF MEETING The TES Voluntary Carers Association, Manchester Division, Monthly meeting will be held on Tuesday, March 27 2011 at 9:00 am in Room 803 on the 3rd floor of the Technical Ed. Building St Hews College, 252 Manchester Road Mandeville AGENDA 1Call to Order 2Invocation 3Welcome/ Apologies 4Minutes of last Meeting 5Matter arising from Minutes 6Correspondence 7Reports (a)Director of Social and inter clubbing (b)Treasurer’s report 8New Business 9Any Other Business 10Date of next Meeting 11Adjournment extra words The field slaves had the most difficult time among the different slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Memo and Notice of Meeting Example or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They had to work longer than any other kind of slave. They usually worked from sunrise to sunset in comparison to the house slaves who only worked a few hours. House slaves were treated far better than the field slaves as some were treated like the slave-owner’s children. The House slaves were kept clean, well dressed, and were allowed to speak much more often because they served the food to the owners and their guests. In fact the house slaves were allowed to eat in the house, not at the table but usually in a back room. As for the FS, they usually ate out in the barn with the animals and were only fed enough to keep them strong enough to work. Field slaves were often whipped, sometimes for without a reason. Their jobs included hoeing, harvesting, ploughing, mowing etc. However, all the slaves whether domestic, factory or field had some things in common in terms of their lifestyle. Most of the slaves were illiterate and the masters did what they could to keep them this way for various reasons. Slaves were allocated a region of the plantation for their living quarters. Slaves houses were usually wooden shacks with dirt floors, but sometimes houses were made of boards nailed up with cracks stuffed with rags. The beds were collected pieces of straw or grass, and old rags, and only one blanket for a covering. A single room could have up to a dozen people-men, women, and children. Another similarity they shared was that they all had a master who they had to obey. They would be punished for murder, robbery, arson or assault upon a white person. Slaves could be killed for murder, burglary, arson, and assault upon a white person. Plantation owners believed that this severe discipline would make the slaves too scared to rebel. Slaves were also whipped.

Law Enforcement Research Design And Analysis Assignment 2 Coursework

Law Enforcement Research Design And Analysis Assignment 2 Coursework Law Enforcement Research Design And Analysis Assignment 2 – Coursework Example Running head: LAW ENFORCEMENT RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Lecture’s Introduction Law enforcement is a study that is meantto help get information based on law. This can be done by lawyers, law enforcement, defense and security sectors among others (University of Surrey, 2014). Law enforcement research design and analysis is a research design that is meant to help the researcher come up with a viable study that will help all the variables be captured and give response based on the research study. In this case multi of the data collection methodologies personality measures, performance, content analysis and questionnaires. Example of the questions used in the study research includes:a) What is the number of staffs involved in the crime management in the NSIS unit?b) How many individuals are involved in the decision making on crime management?c) How many lawyers took place in the decision making process?According to Gorard (2013) qualitative research is an education research that deals with views of the respondents. This asks general question, describes and analyses the words and later carries out enquiries on a biased and subjective manner. The example of the data collection methods includes observation, interviews, open ended questionnaires, focus group and content analysis.Examples of the qualitative questions include:a) What is the level of education that the field officers have on crime management?b) Who is the person in charge of the crime management?ReferencesCohen, N. & Arieli, T. (2011) Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling. Journal of Peace Research. 48 (4), pp.  423–436.Freshwater, D., Sherwood, G. & Drury, V. (2006) International research collaboration. Issues, benefits and challenges of the global network. Journal of Research in Nursing, 11 (4), pp 9295–303.Gorard, S. (2013) Research Design: Robust approaches for the social sciences, London: SAGE.University of Surrey. (2014). La w enforcement defence and security research network. Retrieved April 2, 2014, from University of Surrey: https://www.surrey.ac.uk/leds/.

How to Punctuate Non-He Said Attributions of Quotations

How to Punctuate Non-He Said Attributions of Quotations How to Punctuate Non-â€Å"He Said† Attributions of Quotations How to Punctuate Non-â€Å"He Said† Attributions of Quotations By Mark Nichol The speaker of a quotation or a line of dialogue is normally identified in an attribution, a phrase as simple as â€Å"he said† that attributes the words to a particular person. However, there are other ways to attribute, including the ones illustrated in these examples, that don’t explicitly require an attributive verb. The sentences below illustrate the major difference between explicit and implicit attribution: punctuation (or lack thereof). (Note that explicit and implicit are not terms of art; I’m using them in the absence of, to my knowledge, any established terminology for these distinct types of attribution.) When â€Å"he said† or the like follows a quotation, it is preceded by a comma; if, less often, the attribution comes first, a comma follows it. Meanwhile, a colon, not a comma, should follow attributions such as â€Å"She had this to say in her defense.† But note the deletion of commas or colons in revisions to the following examples in which the attribution is merely implied: 1. â€Å"I had been opening my speeches with the line, ‘Are we entering a new era of American prejudice?’† When a sentence that includes a quotation does not include an explicit attribution, and the quotation is grammatically integrated into the sentence, omit any intervening punctuation: â€Å"I had been opening my speeches with the line ‘Are we entering a new era of American prejudice?’† 2. â€Å"‘The deepest bias in the history of the American people,’ is how historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. referred to our nation’s history of anti-Catholic prejudice.† See the explanation of the revision above; the same guideline applies when the quotation opens the sentence: â€Å"‘The deepest bias in the history of the American people’ is how historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. referred to our nation’s history of anti-Catholic prejudice.† 3. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from him again† was my friend’s guess. This sentence and its attribution are simpler than the preceding sentence and its attribution, but the rule is the same when a verb follows a quotation, punctuation after the quotation is unnecessary: â€Å"‘You’ll be hearing from him again’ was my friend’s guess.† 4. â€Å"I think they’re going to have that mentality of: ‘How dare he?’† In this case, punctuation is redundant to the preposition that precedes the quotation: â€Å"I think they’re going to have that mentality of ‘How dare he?’† The statement is colloquial; if it were not a direct quotation, it could be revised to a slightly more formal version: â€Å"I think they’re going to have that ‘How dare he?’ mentality.† 5. â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question: ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† As in the first example, above, this sentence’s quotation is integrated into the flow of the sentence, so no punctuation is required: â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesOne Fell SwoopThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Host family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Host family - Essay Example This was mainly due to the fact that most of the interactions that I came to experience as well as the culture of the society within which I lived was absolutely different from the one that I was used to. In fact, when one considers my experiences in the United States, one would say that it was a completely opposite from the way of life in China, my home country. When I first learnt that I my application for foreign exchange had been approved and that I was to go to Oregon, United States, I was extremely excited. This was mainly because I had never before left my home country and I was eager to experience another place which was dissimilar from home. I found out that I had been assigned a host family and while I met this news with some apprehension, since I did not know what to expect from these people, I later came to be glad that they had been selected for me. The family that I went to live with were known as the Johnsons, and they were honest and hardworking individuals who were a lso strong in their Christian faith, a fact that I found highly impressive. In my home country, where not many of the people are religious, and the latter is often discouraged, we has often heard rumour that the people in the west only professed the Christian faith yet rarely practiced it. The Johnsons, however, proved this impression to be wrong, and by their taking me into their home and treating me as one of their own, I felt like a real part of their family. Among the things that most impressed me about this family is that they had adopted a girl from China, treating her as if she was their own biological child through their provision of their love and support. Lily, the little girl, had been adopted as a baby when her parents died and she was left an orphan. Despite this tragic beginning of her life, Lily seems to have adjusted well to her new environment, to the extent of not remembering any Chinese, a fact that I learnt from my futile attempts to address her in her native lan guage. In China, I had learnt some English but while this had been the case, when I went for exchange, I could not speak it very well. Despite the language barrier between me and my host family, the latter took in stride and they often encouraged me to express myself the best way that I could through the use of my limited vocabulary. When all attempts at communicating using English failed, and it happened often, we would resort to using signs, a factor of communication that I found to be most interesting. The experience of the Johnsons when raising Lily might have helped a lot in their communication with me since after a fortnight or so; we could communicate with almost no problem at all since we had learnt each other’s speech and sign patterns. Since I went to school with the other two older Johnson children, Josh and Mary, who were close to my age and attended almost the same classes, I found it much easier to adjust to the new school environment than if I had had to go alo ne. These two, who became very close friends and my constant companions, gave me the motivation to learn my English so that I could communicate with them better. My thirst to learn might have also played a role in my wanting to better my English and in all my attempts, the Johnsons often gave me their support. Since I am a fast learner, within a few weeks of living with my host family, I could confidently express

Defines Compares and Contrast Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defines Compares and Contrast - Coursework Example ther hand has been defined to be the putting together of creative ideas either in paperwork or in physical pattern to make the idea a tangible value (Zhao, Calantone and Cavusgil, 2002). Capron (1999) also mentioned that innovation represents the actual implementation of something that is new. From the definitions given, it would be noted that there are some ways in which all of these three important terms are different from each other and other ways in which they closely relate to each other. Comparing the three terms, Poon, Choi and Davis (2008) explained that all of innovation, design and creativity are needed in a typical organization to make the execution of organizational goals possible; especially in cases where organizations want to build a competitive advantage for themselves. By this explanation, the meaning that is drawn is that innovation, design and creativity are all focused on bringing about things that are new and different from what already exists. Therefore even though the three may carry different meanings, they are all concerned with new ideas because it is when organizations are able to differentiate themselves from others through creative, innovative and design oriented means that they gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Another important similarity that organizational leaders ought to know in the application of these three terms is that none of the three is independent on its own (Capron, 1999). Rather, they each depend on the other t o ensure the objectives for which they are independently set are achieved. By implication, even though each of these can help organizations achieve different objectives, the achievement will not be made if the three are not used together. Despite the similarities, there are various differences that exist between these three terms. For example, whereas creativity is abstract and produces abstract results, innovation is highly tangible as it results in implemented products. In effective, a person

European History Essay Example for Free

European History Essay The way the eastern civilization would live is how people dream of living today. The eastern peoples put others above themselves. The way the western civilization used to live is how we live today: caring about ourselves for the most part. Even though the eastern side of living is how most people wanted to live, there are some positive characteristics of the western side that are worth incorporating. A common problem today is that we don’t think. A trait of eastern culture is the being contemplative. There are countless problems that could be avoided if thought would have gone into the situation. Life is a strategy that is filled with decisions. It is inevitable that mistakes will be made, but there will be less if you think before you act. In life there are always consequences for your actions. What most people don’t realize is that there can be positive consequences. This is something that the western civilization honored; the rewards or the positive consequences of the life they lived. Having the good things in your life isn’t as rewarding as working for the grand prize. Towards the end of your life, what will you have that reflects what you work for? In the eastern civilization, working with less is held high in standards. As the years go by, people always want more and more but is it really necessary? For example, heated seats and electronic windows are nice in our vehicles but we don’t actually need them. The eastern peoples learned to work with what they were given, even if it was less than what they wanted. Technology is taking over the world. With this new interference with human life, the beautiful art of work will soon be forgotten. There are amazing things that humans can do as long as they work for it. The western civilization figured this out and put activity high on the list of standards. Life is short and there may be things that we miss if we don’t work to see what it has in store for us. Both the eastern and western civilization contain characteristics that would benefit the human race. A mixture of the two would be a perfect way to live. Placing others higher in value than yourself is a trait that isn’t common in the world today. Even though, putting others first is something great, you need to think about yourself too. You only have one life and one chance to make it the best. Do what makes you happy and you will see that others will come with you.

A Brave New World is Pending :: Brave New World Essays

A Brave New World is Pending In the March 6 issue of Science News, J. Raloff wrote "If pregnancies early in adulthood reduce a woman's lifelong risk of developing breast cancer, could short-term hormonal treatments that simulate aspects of pregnancy do the same thing? A new study suggest that the answer is yes." Reading that fast-forwarded my imagination to a horrible future, one described in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," where women of the future undergo surrogate pregnancies. In the book it was for mental reasons, but now, there's a physical reason to do such a hormonal treatment. How many other predictions will come true in the next, say, 20 years? Already we have television, airplanes, submarines, cyberspace and virtual reality. Is the next step a measurable move toward Utopia? Will we all live with perfect health? Will we stave off death so effectively that we are killed for population control reasons at the old, old age of 60? Will we lose sight of the goal of a long, productive life, abandon it for a long, forever young life (making aging a disease, because drugs to enhance the here and now build up to a painful later)? I'm all for advancement in medicine. My own father, an oncologist and hematologist, deals with ground-breaking new procedures and medicines on a daily basis. But to air out my cautious side: if the government ever starts worshiping Henry Ford, outlawing Shakespeare, instituting mandatory sterilization of certain groups of people, encouraging and perpetuating class divisions and distributing drugs to solve potential conflict, help me out by saying "STOP!" really, really loudly. Then again, this government does revere Henry Ford in a way. If a big car company wanted something done that was contrary to the desires of a community, my bets are on the car company. This thorough encouragement of big business and the tradition of such can almost be seen as worship. While Shakespeare hasn't been outlawed anywhere (as far as I know), teaching Darwin's theory of Natural Selection is banned in some school districts. J.D. Salinger's "Catcher in the Rye" is banned in some school districts. Ruth Sherman, a white teacher in a black and Hispanic neighborhood in New York, left her job in fear for her life over a book called "Nappy Hair": some parents (who of course, hadn't read the award-winning novel and for the most part weren't her student's parents) thought it was racist and divisive.

Booth Multiplier

Low Power Booth Multiplier by Effective Capacitance Minimization P. Nageshwar Reddy Dr. Damu Radhakrishnan Stu. in SUNY, New Paltz, NY Prof. in SUNY, New Paltz, NY Abstract: In this paper we present an energy efficient parallel multiplier design based on effective capacitance minimization. Only the partial product reduction stage in the multiplier is considered in our research. The effective capacitance is the product of capacitance and switching activity. Hence to minimize the effective capacitance in our design, we decided to ensure that the switching activity of nodes with higher capacitances is kept to a minimum.This is achieved in our design by wiring the higher switching activity signals to nodes with lower capacitance and vice versa for the 4:2 compressor and full adder cells, assuming the initial probability of each partial product bit as 0. 25. This reduced the overall switching capacitance, thereby reducing the total power consumption in the multiplier. Power analysis is do ne by synthesizing our design on Spartan-3E FPGA and used XPower Analyzer tool that is provided in ISE Xilinx 10. 1. The dynamic power for our 16? 16 multiplier was measured as 360. 4mW, and the total power 443. 31mW. This is 17. 4% less compared to the most recent design. Also we noticed that our design has the lowest power-delay product compared to the multiplier presented in the literature. Index Terms- Booth multiplier, Effective capacitance, 4:2 compressor. 1. Introduction A multiplier is the most frequently used fundamental arithmetic unit in various digital systems such as computers, process controllers and signal processors. Thus it has become a major source of power dissipation in these digital systems.With the exponential growth of portable systems that are operated on batteries, power reduction has become one of the primary design constraints in recent years. In the present era, each and every electronic device is implemented using CMOS technology. The three major sources of power dissipation in digital CMOS circuits are dynamic, short circuit and leakage [1]. Generally, power reduction techniques aim at minimizing all the above mentioned power dissipation sources but our emphasis is on dynamic power dissipation as it dominates other power dissipation sources in digitalCMOS circuits. The switching or dynamic power dissipation occurs due to the charging and discharging of capacitors at different nodes in a circuit [2]. The average dynamic power consumption of a digital circuit with N nodes is given by: where VDD is the supply voltage, Ci is the load capacitance at node i, fCLK is the clock frequency and ? i is the switching activity at node i. The product of switching activity and load capacitance at a node is called effective capacitance.Assuming only one logic change per clock cycle, the switching activity at a node i can be defined as the probability that the logic value at the node changes (0->1 or 1->0) between two consecutive clock cycles . For a given logic element, the switching activity at its output(s) can be computed using the probability of its inputs and is given by: where and denote the probability of occurrence of a ‘one’ and ‘zero’ at node i respectively. When Pi = 0. 5, the switching activity at a node is maximum and it decreases as it goes towards the two extreme values (i. e. both from 0. to 0 and 0. 5 to 1). The two main low power design strategies for dynamic power reduction are based on (i) supply voltage reduction and (ii) the effective capacitance minimization. The reduction of supply voltage is one of the most aggressive techniques because the power savings are significant due to the quadratic dependence on VDD. Although such reduction is usually very effective, it increases leakage current in the transistors and also decreases circuit speed. The minimization of effective switching capacitance involves reducing switching activity or node capacitance.The node capacitance de pends on the integration technology used. To reduce switching activity only requires a detailed analysis of signal transition probabilities, and implementation of various circuit level design techniques, such as logic synthesis optimization and balanced paths. It is independent of the technology used and is less expensive. Admiring the advantages of switching activity reduction, this paper focuses on switching activity reduction techniques in a multiplier. Digital Multiplication is done in three steps in a Booth coded multiplier.The first step is to generate all the partial products in parallel using Booth recoding. In the second step these partial products are reduced to 2 operands in several stages by applying Wallace/Dadda rules. These stages follow one after the other, feeding the output of one stage to the next. The final step is adding the two operands using a carry propagate adder to produce the final sum. Our main focus in this paper is the second step, partial product reduc tion. Fig. 1 shows the modified Dadda reduction tree for a 6? 6 unsigned multiplier, which uses full adders (FA) and half adders (HA) as basic elements.Stage 1 is the rearranged 6? 6 unsigned partial product array obtained using the partial product generator. At every partial product reduction(PPR) stage the number of bits with the same order (bits in a column) are grouped together and connected to adder cells following Dadda’s rules. Each column represents partial products of a certain magnitude. The sum output of a FA or HA at one stage will place a dot in the same column at the next stage and an output carry in the column to the left in the next stage (i. e. one order of magnitude higher). Fig. 1. Modified Dadda reduction tree for 6? unsigned multiplication The Wallace and Dadda designs use only FAs and HAs in the reduction stages, which form an irregular layout and increases wiring complexity. Wiring complexity is a measure of power. Since then Weinberger [3] has proposed a 4:2 compressor, the majority of the multiplier designs today make use of 4:2 compressors to increase the performance of the multiplier. They also contribute to power reduction as they decrease the wiring capacitance due to a more regular layout, contributing to fewer transitions in the partial product reduction tree. It also reduces hardware cost.The design of the 4:2 compressor got impoved in time, and modified design presented by Jiang et al. claimed improvements in both delay and power dissipation compared to earlier designs [4]. Several logic and circuit level optimizations are possible by using higher order compressors instead of simple FA cells for reducing the number of transitions in the partial product reduction stage. Because of this we used 4:2 compressors, FA (3:2 compressor) and HA cells in our partial product reduction stages. We reduced the switching activity by minimizing the effective capacitance at every node in the circuit.This stands as the main focus of this paper. This paper is organized as follows: related research in section 2 and 2. Related Research Many researchers have elucidated different low power multiplier architectures by using different techniques to reduce the total switching activity in a multiplier [ ]-[ ]. Ohban, et al. proposed a low power multiplier using the so called bypassing technique [5]. The main idea of their approach is to minimize the signal transitions while adding zero valued partial products. This is done by bypassing the adder stage whenever the multiplier bit is zero.Masayuki, et al. proposed an algorithm using operand decomposition technique [6]. They decomposed the multiplicand and the multiplier into 4 operands and using them they generated twice the number of partial products compared to the conventional multiplier. By doing this, they reduced the one probability of each partial product bit to 1/8 while it is 1/4 in the conventional multipliers. This in turn decreases the switching probability. Chen, et al. proposed a multiplier based on effective dynamic range of the input data [7].If the data with smaller effective dynamic range is Booth coded then the partial products have greater chances to be zero, which decreases the switching activities of partial products. Fujino, et al. proposed a multiply accumulate design using dynamic operand transformation technique in which current values of the input is compared with previous values [8]. If more than half of the bits in an operand change then it is dynamically transformed to its two’s complement in order to decrease the transition activity during multiplication. Chen, et al. roposed a low power multiplier, which uses spurious power suppression technique (SPST) equipped Booth encoder [9]. The SPST uses a detection logic circuit to detect whether the Booth encoder is calculating redundant computations which yield in Zero partial product and stops such PP generation process. To implement the basic principles used in all the ab ove mentioned multiplier architectures not only increase hardware intensity but also introduce delay in the operation. Also the extra circuitry employed to implement them consumes power.So our research interest is focused on techniques which decrease power without introducing any delay and additional hardware. Oskuii et al. proposed an algorithm based on static probabilities at the primary inputs [10]. At every PP reduction stage the number of bits with the same order of magnitude (bits in a column) are grouped together and connected to the adder cells in a Dadda tree. The selection of these bits and their grouping influences the overall switching activity of the multiplier. This was illustrated in Oskuii’s paper by referring to an early work, which is described below. Only one column per stage is considered here. As the generated carry bits from adders propagate from LSB towards MSB, optimization of columns is performed from LSB to MSB and from first stage to last stage. Thu s it can be ensured that the optimization of columns and stages that has already been performed will still be valid when later optimizations are being performed. * Glitches and spurious transitions spread in the reduction stage after a few layers of combinational logic. To avoid them is not feasible in most cases. Therefore it seems beneficial to assign short paths to partial products having high switching activity.Oskuii’s goal was to reduce the power in Dadda trees. The one probability for sum and carry of the FA and HA can be calculated from their functional behavior [10]. According to Oskuii’s algorithm, assuming the switching probabilities of partial products in a particular stage are calculated using the previous stage one probabilities and in each column and they arranged these partial product bits in ascending order. They first use the lower switching probability bits to feed full and half adders and transfer the higher switching probability bits to the next st age.From the set of bits to feed adders they tried to feed the highest switching probability signal to the carry input of the full adder as its path in full- adder is shorter than the other two inputs. Fig. 2. Example to illustrate Oskuii’s approach [10] Fig. 2 gives an example where 7 bits with the same order of magnitude are to be added. This is shown as the shaded box in the 2nd group of bits from top in Fig. 2. According to Dadda rules of reducing a partial product tree, 2 FAs must be used and one bit will be passed to the next stage together with the sum and carry bits generated by the full adders. s for i varying from 1 to 7 represent the switching probabilities of the seven bits. These are sorted in ascending order and listed as ? i* with the highest one as ? 1*. According to their approach, the bit with highest switching activity is kept for the next stage i. e. in Fig. 3. 2, and assign and to the carry inputs of the two FAs as their path is shorter and the other bits to the remaining inputs of FAs in any order. In this way they reduced the partial product tree by bringing the highest transition probability bits more closer to the output such that it reduces the total power in the multiplier without any extra hardware cost.Oskuii claimed that power reduction varying from 4% to 17% in multiplier designs could be achieved using their approach. On careful analysis of Oskuii’s work we notice that further reduction in power can be achieved. This is elaborated in our design presented in the next section. 3. Proposed Work By using a partial product generator (PPG) for the n? n multiplier employing radix-4 Booth encoder we obtained the required partial products. These partial products are then reduced to 2 operands employing several partial product reduction (PPR) stages. We used a combination of 4:2 compressors, FAs and HAs in reduction stages.At each stage modified Dadda rules are applied to obtain operands for the next stage. While minimizing the partial product bits in each column using 4:2/3:2 compressors and HA cells, emphasis was given on higher speed and lower power. Higher speed is achieved by allowing the partial product bits to pass through a minimum number of reduction stages, while minimizing the final carry propagate adder length to the minimum. Fig. 3. Proposed PPG scheme for a 16? 16 multiplier Fig. 3 shows the proposed partial product reduction scheme for a 16? 16 parallel multiplier.Nine partial products obtained by PPG are reduced to 2 operands using 3 reduction stages. The vertical green boxes in each column represent 4:2 compressors. It takes five bits and reduces them into 3 output bits, one sum bit in the same column position and two carry bits in the next higher significant column (one bit left) of next stage. The vertical red boxes represent full adder cells, which reduce three partial product bits in a column and generate the sum and carry bits. Similarly, the vertical blue boxes represent half add ers and add two partial product bits to reduce it to 2 output bits.The order in which the inputs are fed to 4:2 compressor, full and half adders is discussed in the next section. In Fig. 3 the maximum number of partial products in a column is 8 (columns 14 to 17). Since we are using 4:2 compressors that can take up to 5 input bits, to reduce the partial products in the first stage, we want to make sure that the maximum number of partial products in the next stage is only 5. This way we can reduce the bits in each column in stage 2 using one level of 4:2 compressors. And in the third stage, we want to ensure that the maximum number of bits in any column is only 3, so that full adders can be used to add them.This will permit the whole reduction process to be achieved in 3 stages. The half adder in column 2 in reduction stage 1 and the full adder in column 3 in reduction stage 2 are used so as to minimize the size of the final carry propagate adder. 4. Power Reduction Once the minimum number of reduction stages is established for a design, the next criterion is to minimize power consumption. This is achieved by delay passing and reducing the effective capacitance at every node in the reduction stages also following Oskuii’s rules (discussed in Section 2).To minimize the effective switching activity, the design must ensure that the switching activity of nodes with higher capacitance value must be kept to a minimum. This is achieved by a special interconnection pattern used in our design. The higher switching activity signals are wired to nodes with lower capacitance and vice versa. Our multiplier design uses the above idea to minimize power. This paper therefore focuses on selective interconnection of signals to the inputs of 4:2 compressors and FAs and HAs using the above concept.The logic diagram and the input capacitances for a full adder are shown in Fig. 4(a). For the following we will assume that each and every input lead to a logic gate is considered as one unit load (C1). Hence if a signal is connected to the inputs of two logic gates, then the load is two units (C2). From the logic diagram of the full adder in Fig. 4(a), input B is connected only to an XOR gate, where as inputs A and C are connected to both an XOR and a Mux. Hence, the input capacitance of the B-input is smaller than the other two inputs.The load presented by the B input is one unit load, while the loads presented by A and C are 2 unit loads. Hence a transition on input B will result in less effective capacitance. This is represented by the capacitance values C1 (1 unit load) and C2 (2 unit loads) as shown in Fig. 4. 9. Again by comparing the three inputs, the C input goes through only one logic device (XOR gate or Mux) before it reaches the output, where as both A and B goes through two logic devices before reaching the output. Hence, a transition on any of the inputs A or B could result in output transitions on all the three logic devices.But a transition o n input C will affect only two of these logic devices. Therefore we can conclude that even though the inputs A and C represent the same load, the overall switching effect on the full adder due to C input will be less than that due to A input. Hence, as a rule of thumb, the first two higher transition inputs among a set of three inputs that are given to a full adder should be connected to the B and C inputs and the last one to A. (a) (b) Fig. 4. a) FA logic diagram and input capacitances (b) 4:2 compressor logic diagram and input capacitances Similarly, the logic diagram of a 4:2 compressor and its input capacitances are shown in Fig. 4. (b). The input capacitances presented by X1, X3, X4 and Cin are twice that presented by X2. Hence, the highest transition probability signal must be connected to the X2 input. Again by using a similar argument as in the full adder, the second highest transition probability signal must be given to the Cin. The remaining inputs are given to X1, X3 and X4 in any order. This minimizes the overall effective capacitance in a 4:2 compressor.The probability of a logic one at the output of any block is a function of the probability of a logic one at its inputs [11] [12]. From the logic functions of 4:2 compressor, FA and HA we can calculate their output probabilities knowing their input probabilities. Table 2: Probability equations for 4:2 Compressor | 4:2 Compressor| PSUM| | PCout| | PC0| | Table 1 shows the probability expression for the sum and carry outputs for the full adder and half adder in terms of their input signal probabilities. The 4:2 compressor output probabilities are shown in Table 2. By comparingTables 1 and 2 we can say that the statistical probabilities of the output signals of basic elements (4:2 compressors, full adders and half adders) used in partial product reduction stages vary. Table 3 shows the output signal probabilities of 4:2 compressor, full adder and half adder, assuming equal ‘1’ probabiliti es of 0. 25 for all inputs. In each partial product reduction stage the signals in a particular column have different switching probabilities. The output signals of one stage become inputs to the next stage. So the switching probabilities of the outputs diverge more as we move down the partial production reduction stages.Table 3. 1: Output Signal Probabilities of FAs and HAs | Full-adder| Half adder| SUM| | | CARRY| | A. B| PSUM| | | PCARRY| | | Table 3: Output probabilities of 4:2 compressor and adder cells Input signal probabilities = 0. 25| 4:2 compressor| Full adder| Half adder| SumCoutC0| 0. 48440. 15630. 2266| SumCarry| 0. 43750. 1563| SumCarry| 0. 3750. 0625| Several reduction stages are required to reduce the partial products generated in a parallel multiplier. As shown in Fig. 3, at each stage a number of bits with the same order of magnitude are grouped together and connected to the 4:2 compressors and adder cells.The selection of these bits and their grouping influences t he overall switching activity of the multiplier. This is what we will exploit to reduce the overall switching activity of the multiplier. Fig. 5 shows the array structure of the proposed partial product reduction scheme for a 16? 16 multiplier. In the following we assumed that the one probability of all the 9 partial product bits are same and is equal to 0. 25 (as discussed in Section 3. 26). These 9 partial product bits are fed to 4:2 compressors, full and half adders and are reduced to 5 operands. The bits in these 5 operands will have different one probabilities.From these one probabilities we can calculate their switching probability. If we look at each column all the bits in that column have the same weight but different one probability. So we have enough freedom to choose any of these signals which can be connected to any of the inputs of the basic elements. The way these signals are wired to basic elements to achieve reduction will affect the total power consumption in a mult iplier. Show an example Fig 5 shows how we wired the input signals to 4:2 compressors and full adders in the proposed design. To illustrate the principle consider column 16 of reduction stage 2 in Fig. , where we have five bits with the same order of magnitude, which are to be wired to the inputs of a 4:2 compressor. The first higher transition bit is fed to X2 input and next higher transition bit is fed to Cin, as they provide lower switching activity when compared to others. The remaining three bits can be fed to X1, X3 and X4 in any order. Similarly on column 11 in reduction stage 3, three bits of the same order are to be added. The highest transition bit is given to B input of the adder and the next higher transition bit is fed to C input. The third bit is fed to A input.This way of feeding the inputs, we can decrease the output switching probabilities of compressors and adders. By applying the same technique to every stage we can reduce the overall switching capacitance of the multiplier, thereby reducing power. Fig. 5. Wiring patterns for 4:2 compressors and full adders 5. Simulation Power analysis was done by synthesizing our 16? 16 multiplier design on Spartan-3E FPGA and using XPower Analyzer tool provided in ISE Xilinx 10. 1. We evaluated the performance of our 16? 16 multiplier by comparing with the conventional Wallace and Oskuii’s multipliers.Table 4 shows the quiescent and dynamic powers of different multipliers obtained by simulation. The quiescent power is almost the same for all multipliers. The dynamic power for our design is only 360. 74 mW, where as Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers consume 454. 06mW and 475. 08 mW respectively. Hence the total power consumption is only 443. 31mW for our multiplier, which is less by 17. 39% and 20. 51%, compared to Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers. Table 4: Power reports from simulation for a 16? 16 Multiplier Design| QuiescentPower (mW)| DynamicPower (mW)| TotalPower (mW)| Our Design| 8 2. 7| 360. 74| 443. 31| Oskuii’s Design| 82. 57| 454. 06| 536. 63| WallaceMultiplier| 82. 67| 475. 08| 557. 75| Table 5 Power-Delay products of 16? 16 multipliers Design| Total Delay (ns)| Power (mW)| Power-Delay Product| Our Design| 30. 889| 443. 31| 13. 693*10-9| Oskuii’s Design| 31. 219| 536. 63| 16. 753*10-9| WallaceMultiplier| 35. 278| 557. 05| 19. 651*10-9| Table 5 shows the power-delay products of different multipliers. Smaller the power delay product of a multiplier the higher is its performance. Our design has the shortest delay of 30. 889ns, compared to 31. 219ns and 35. 78ns for Oskuii’s design and Wallace’s design respectively. Hence our design has the lowest power-delay product compared to both Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers. 6. Conclusions We have presented an investigation of multiplier power dissipation, along with some techniques which allow reductions in power consumption for this circuit. Given the importance of multipliers, it is essential that further research efforts are to be directed in the following ways. * In this thesis the switching activity criteria for the interconnection pattern in 4:2 compressors was used only for two of the inputs of the 4:2 compressor.The interconnections of signals on the other three inputs are made without any importance given to their switching activity. This is because at the gate level, the load capacitance at a node is measured simply based on the number of connections made at that node. In the 4:2 compressor, three of the inputs are feeding two inputs each (except the carry input). Hence, we consider them with the same load capacitance. In reality, this is not true. To get an accurate estimate on capacitance, an actual layout of the cell has to be made using VLSI layout tools and then their capacitances are to be extracted.Hence further research could focus on the above so as to find an ordering for these inputs based on their capacitance values. Also, different impl ementations of 4:2 compressors may be compared so as to select the one with the lowest capacitance values. * Extending the proposed interconnection technique to the partial product reduction stage by employing higher order compressors such as 5:2, 9:2, 28:2, etc. In this manner, different architectures using various combinations of compressors in the partial product reduction stage can be compared so as to select the best one with the lowest power dissipation for any multiplier.References 1] D. Soudris, C. Piguet, and C. Goutiset , Designing CMOS Circuits for Low Power. Kluwer Academic Press, 2002. [2] L. Benini, G. D. Micheli, et al. , Dynamic Power Management Design Techniques & CAD Tools. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. [3] A. Weinberger, â€Å"4:2 Carry Save Adder Module,† IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 23, 1981. [4] S. F. Hsiao, M. R. Jiang, and J. S. Yeh, â€Å"Design of High-Speed Low-Power 3-2 Counter and 4-2 Compressor for Fast Multipliers,â €  Electronics Let. , vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 341-342, 1998. [5] J. Ohban, â€Å"Multiplier Energy Reduction Through Bypassing of Partial Products† in Proc. Asia-Pacific Conf. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 13–17, 2002. [6] M. Ito, D. Chinnery, and K. Keutzer, â€Å"Low Power Multiplication Algorithm for Switching Activity Reduction Through Operand Decomposition,† 21st Int. Conf. on Computer Design, 2003. [7] O. T. Chen, S. Wang, and Yi-Wen Wu, â€Å"Minimization of Switching Activities of Partial Products for Designing Low-Power Multipliers,† IEEE Trans. on VLSI Syst. , vol. 11, pp. 418 – 433, 2003. [8] M. Fujino, and V. G. Moshnyaga, â€Å"Dynamic Operand Transformation for Low-Power Multiplier-Accumulator Design,† in Proc. of the Int. symp. n circuits and systems, 2003. [9] K. H. Chen and Y. S. Chu, â€Å"A Low Power Multiplier with Spurious Power Suppression Technique,† IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst. , vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 846-850, 20 07. [10] S. T. Oskuii, â€Å"Transition-Activity Aware Design of Reduction-Stages for Parallel Multipliers,† in Proc. of Great Lakes Symp. on VLSI, 2007. [11] K. Parker and E. J. McCluskey, â€Å"Probabilistic Treatment of General Combinational Networks,† IEEE Trans. on Computers, C-24: 668-670, June 1975. [12] M. Cirit, â€Å"Estimating Dynamic Power Consumption of CMOS Circuits† in Proc. of ICCAD, pp. 534–537, 1987.

The Comparison Between Recession and Great Depression

THE COMPARISON BETWEEN GREAT DEPRESSION AND RECENT RECESSION AND THEIR EFFECT IN CUSTOMER SERVICE The Great Depression had a great impact in the United States economy from 1929 to the late 1930s. Many people lost their jobs, savings, and homes. They were not sure about their future.Also, at the end of 2008, the United States and many developed countries faced a great recession than had paralleled the Great Depression, such as: excessive credit given to normal citizens (which was promoted by Federal Reserve Bank), irresponsible money spending by the people in the United States that spread to the most countries in the world, the stock market crash, and the failure of the real state market.Although, the lessons that governments learned from the Great Depression made them to be creative in preventing the 2008 recession becoming another great depression, or at very least try to postpone this issue by being united to bail out private sectors specially financial institutions. It is very int eresting that all the developed countries ignored to correct many problems that could prevent the 2008 recession. After the First World War, Germany and many other European countries tried to recover from the great financial damage that was caused by the war.They needed money to rebuild their countries, and the United States started to give excessive line of credits to the above countries. Also, because the United States’ economy was booming by growth in the industrial sector which brought many people to work for factories and auto makers. Gradually, many companies started to solicited to sell their product on credit instead of cash, and in the beginning of the 1920s , more families were getting familiar with getting installment loans to buy their needed products. Also, many banks started to loan farmers which brought a great amount of cash flow for many farmers.Furthermore, this economy boom made the rise in the stock market. It was for the first time that the margin was int roduced to the stock market, which simply meant that stock buyers can borrow money against heir stocks as collateral to buy more stocks. Many citizens borrow a lot of money from banks, and put their own savings to buy more stocks. T his greedy action made a bubble in the stock market and made it soared in 1920s, not because of fundamentals or corporations productions and profits, but for false expectations of stock buyers.Of course, this bubble came to the end at October 29, 1929, that is known as a black Tuesday. In this day stock market was crashed. And over a two years period lost 24 % of its value. Black Tuesday also represents the beginning of the Great Depression; during this period many Americans lost their jobs, houses, and farms, because they couldn’t afford to pay their installment loans any more. For many years American farmers overplanted their farms, and poorly managed their crop rotations.Between 1930 to 1936, when droughts conditions made a great damage to many farms, and prevailed a cross a lot of Americans plains. Dust bowl was created. The dust storm started to harm some states like Colorado, Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and later on spread cross entire United States. The dust bowl got its name after Black Sunday, April 14, 1935. More and more dust storm destroying plains, up to that year. Before the Great Depression because a lot of European countries started to improve their agriculture in mid 1920s, it created a mass produced and great reduction in farming products.To protect the domestic American farm products against agriculture imports, US government raised US tariffs to the high level, which is also known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of June 1930. Because there was less demand for consuming products except food, therefore factories had to fire many of their workers which were another cause to the Great Depression. Primary sector industries such as cash cropping, mining and lodging suffer the most. Many Americans were going through a very difficult time and couldn’t even afford to buy foods.The shelters were full and America and many countries were filing for bankruptcy. The American dollar and many European currencies were not back up by gold any more. The items like cars which were considered a luxury material, and cost fortune at one time, did not worth any more. One of the main other causes for the Great Depression was Failure of the banks around the world including the United States that created by the crashing of the stock market , and filing bankruptcy by all developed countries.Bank couldn’t loan no more to their customers therefore they began to collapse and were closed. President Roosevelt tried to offset the economy by creating a lot of jobs in public sector in 1930s by making Hoover’s Dam or cleaning streets by the public. This strategy by itself didn’t change the economy per se, so by the end of 1939, there was still no improvement in US economy. The main reason for th e recovery was in the beginning of 1941. The World War II made many countries in Europe to import again from the United States that gradually created many jobs by reopening major factories.One of the great similarities of the Great Depression and the recent recession were the failure of financial corporations, crash in the stock market which was created by the same reason ( giving excessive margin buying power to stock holders) , and greed by wealthy people. Although, the booming real state from 2003-07 could be considered as some distinguished factors. There are a lot of lessons we can learn form the Great Depression and recent rescission that deregulating stock market and financial sector and handing an economy to the big corporations doesn’t have any consequences but a disaster to average citizens.Customers would lose a lot of their purchase power in a great deal, during recession or depression. Therefore, companies must sacrifice to drop the value price of their services and products, and do whatever it takes in order to keep their customers. During this time it is a customer or a buyer market. If the companies lose their consumers to the competitors due to the lack of customer service, it would be very hard to replace that. The margin profit would be very low and it would leave the companies with no choice but to cut the cost and overhead expenses.Companies should consider that â€Å"the customers are always right and they should be heard at any times†. They have to come with any creative idea to improve their relations with their customers. In conclusion, we have to learn many lessons from the great depression and the recent recession. With comparing the roots for these two economy disasters, we would have the better understanding that how companies improve their customer service during the financial difficulties for their customers and consumers.

Social Security Number Allocations by Location

Social Security Number Allocations by Location The first three digits of a persons Social Security number numbers can often help you to determine where your ancestor may have possibly been living when his/her SSN was issued (see exceptions below). These numbers can also be helpful in determining which listings in the SSDI may belong to your ancestor. The first three digits of a persons Social Security number were, prior to 1973, determined by the state where the person applied fo their social security card. Since that time, the first three digits have been assigned based on the ZIP Code of the mailing address on the Social Security number application. The chart below shows the first 3 digits of the social security numbers assigned throughout the United States and its possessions. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER STATE CODES * The same number, when shown with more than one area, means that certain numbers have been transferred from one State to another, or that an area has been divided for use among certain geographic locations. Learn more about the other numbers in the Social Security Numbering Scheme.

The Geography of Earths Equator

The Geography of Earths Equator Planet Earth is a roundish planet. In order to map it, geographers overlay grid of lines of latitude and longitude. Latitudinal lines wrap around the planet from east to west, while longitude lines go from north to south. The equator is an imaginary line that runs from east to west on Earths surface and is exactly halfway between the north and south  poles (the northernmost and southernmost points on the Earth). It also divides the Earth into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere and is an important line of latitude for navigational purposes. It is at 0 ° latitude,  and all other measurements head north or south from it. The poles are at 90 degrees north and south. For reference, the corresponding line of longitude is the prime meridian. Earth at the Equator User:Cburnett / CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons The equator is the only line on the Earths surface that is considered a great circle. This is defined as any circle drawn on a sphere (or an oblate spheroid) with a center that includes the center of that sphere. The equator thus qualifies as a great circle because it passes through the exact center of the Earth and divides it in half. Other lines of latitude north and south of the equator are not great circles because they shrink as they move toward the poles. As their length decreases, they do not all pass through the center of the Earth. Earth is an oblate spheroid that is slightly squished at the poles, which means it bulges at the equator. This pudgy basketball shape comes from a combination of Earths gravity and its rotation. As it spins, Earth flattens just a bit, making diameter at the equator 42.7 km larger than the diameter of the planet from pole to pole. Earths circumference at the equator is 40,075 km and  40,008 km at the poles. Earth also rotates faster at the equator. It takes 24 hours for the Earth to make one full rotation  on its axis, and since the planet is bigger at the equator, it has to move faster to make one full rotation. Therefore, to find the speed of Earths rotation around its middle, divide 40,000 km by 24 hours to get  1,670 km per hour. As one moves north or south in latitude from the equator the Earths circumference is reduced and thus the speed of rotation decreases slightly. The Climate at the Equator The equator is distinct from the rest of the globe in its physical environment as well as its geographic characteristics. For one thing, the equatorial climate remains much the same year-round. The dominant patterns are warm and wet or warm and dry. Much of the equatorial region is also characterized as being humid. These climactic patterns occur because the region at the equator receives the most incoming solar radiation. As one moves away from the equatorial regions, solar radiation levels change, which allows other climates to develop and explains the temperate weather in the mid-latitudes and the colder weather at the poles. The tropical climate at the equator allows an amazing amount of biodiversity. It features many different species of plants and animals and is home to the largest areas of tropical rainforests in the world. Countries Along the Equator In addition to the dense tropical rainforests along the equator, the line of latitude crosses the land and water of 12 countries  and several oceans. Some land areas are sparsely populated, but others, like Ecuador, have large populations and have some of their largest cities on the equator. For example, Quito, Ecuadors capital, is within a kilometer of the equator. As such, the citys center features a museum and monument marking the equator. More Interesting Equatorial Facts The equator has special significance beyond being a line on a grid. For astronomers, the extension of the equator out to space marks the celestial equator. People who live along the equator and watch the sky will  notice that the sunsets and sunrises are very fast and the length of each day remains fairly constant through the year.   Sailors of old (and new) celebrate equator passages when their ships cross the equator heading either north or south. These festivals range from some pretty raucous events onboard naval and other vessels to fun parties for passengers on pleasure cruise ships. For space launches, the equatorial region offers a bit of a speed boost to rockets, allowing them to save on fuel as they launch eastward.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

High-speed Train Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High-speed Train - Essay Example According to Secretary Ray LaHood, "8 billion dollars has been set aside for high speed rail. What jump starts our opportunity in America is the President's initiative that Congress passed to put $8 billion in the economic recovery" (Secretary Ray LaHood, D.O.T) I believe that the construction and usage of high speed train transportation between these 2 metropolitan areas would effectively reduce pollution and congestion, as it will take many cars off the roads. It is estimated that about 170,000 vehicles travel the I-15 into Las Vegas. Woody Woodrow, who is a resident of Las Vegas and a native of Los Angeles, stated that "if the price was right and the timing was right and it took less than a flight to get here, I would absolutely take it. I think it's a great idea" (Woodward Woody, Las Vegas resident) High speed rail can be said to be a proven technology, as decades of experience on the use of high speed rail in other parts of the world have shown. Thus, high speed rail provides a comfortable and convenient way for Americans to travel from one city to another. These 2 cities should endeavor to avail themselves of this technology in a comprehensive manner, as there has been heavy investment in this mode of mass transit. The population of both cities is expected to continue to rise significantly over the next few decades and although an inability to travel quickly by high speed rail between Los Angeles and Las Vegas might not currently look like a major deficiency, it probably would appear to be so in the next few decades. According to Wilton Woods (1989) "future intercity future intercity passenger mobility will be dependent on fully utilizing all of the available options. However, much of the criticism of high speed rail is based on concerns about its cost-effectiveness in the ne ar to medium term. This is of particular concern since HSR is likely to rely more heavily than other modes (automobile, air, and intercity bus) on general tax revenues as opposed to user fees/taxes, although the user fees/taxes that support those other modes may not cover their so-called externality costs i.e. costs that those modes impose on other people, such as environmental pollution and deaths and injuries due to crashes" (Wilton Woods 1989) Critics of high speed rail travel say that it is not very cost effective, but numerous benefits have been cited in support of the development of high speed rail, including the reduction of pollution and energy usage in the transportation sector, the potential to alleviate airport and highway congestion, improving transportation safety, promoting economic development, the provision of more options for travelers, and increasing the reliability of transport by increasing redundancy in the transportation system. Alleviation of congestion in airports and highways High speed rail has the capability of relieving air traffic and highway congestion in heavily traveled corridors. The use of high speed rail

Discussion on Guibert of Nogent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Discussion on Guibert of Nogent - Essay Example ...but when reason returns, I repent that I have yielded to the lust of my heart when my soul with unwilling heaviness sinks on a dunghill for its bed (Bland, 1)." There is a deep seated desire to know the will of God and to know him, rather the person should empty himself and come to know his Creator. Reading through the monk's memoirs, he sees that the culture around him is submerged in wealth and sin. And all that learning is of no use it the person does not open his heart to the Lord Jesus Christ. "...Unless Christ shall open to him the doors of learning with the key of knowledge, without doubt every teacher shall spend himself in vain on dull ears. Therefore, let every wise man be foolish to claim anything as his own but sin (Bland 2)." Everything is associated with the holy feasts and the days they fall on as a symbol of some divine meaning of why things occurred. "Now the feast of the Blessed Martin was close at hand, in fact the next day (Bland 14)." A person suffers a fate or misfortune because divine intervention has decided to punish the individual for his or her wrong doings-"the man who tries to please a treacherous foe in fear of being bitten, by the just judgment of heaven gets hurt by him and everyone else (Bland 14)." Heaven's decision in the matter is seen as fair and just. The air of Christianity is soaked to the brim with guilt and punishment, justice and retribution although there are numerous times in Guibert's writings where he mentions the mercies of the Lord and his mother's help in our daily lives. The prevailing feature of Christianity in Guibert's time as Guibert saw them was either a person knew the Christian faith and lived by its rules or they didn't and hence committed sacrilegious acts by their very nature of being ignorant in matters of what constitutes as holy and requiring reverence. "And since such words may not be uttered by a Christian's lips, and must cause pious ears to shudder with detestation, we suppress them. Although he praised the Jews , by the Jews he was regarded as a madman and whilst approving their religion in word, he actually practiced ours (Bland 16)." Even profanity was considered as intolerable to ears that were sensitive to them and considered such speech as not characteristic with the Christian faith and contrary to the Christian life. And when man could not do much to intervene or stop the particular person from carrying on with their blasphemies, we see through Guibert that heaven itself takes care of the problem :"When the Virgin Mother, Que en of all, could no longer endure the blasphemies of this corrupt man, as he was entering from a royal expedition, on approaching the city, there appeared a great band of his friends the devils and he coming home with his hair disordered and out of his wits, repulsed his wife and lay with that old woman and that night fell ill of a mortal disease (Bland 17)." Furthermore, there resounds in the 1100s the echo of what beauty is to the individual, the abbot asks us to be more concerned with the beauty of the soul than the appearance of the body. Bland depicts how Guibert of Nogent asks God to infuse beauty with

Marketing Proposal & Advertisement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Proposal & Advertisement - Assignment Example It is my proposal that we hold a marathon event for all type of people. However, we will have to collaborate with the wildlife agency to allow us to use the Park. Other global companies and organizations such as Coca-Cola, W.K.K.F, Pepsi and Safaricom are willing to help in saving the situation support the event. Using the National Park will be helpful because people will have fun and at the same time help us to assist the communities have water for irrigation. There being no food available in the area is a motivation that the water will boost irrigation and food security in the locality will improve. The target audience for the marathon event is athletes, people interested to spend their weekend in a Wildlife Park, rich people interested to lose weight by exercising, our sponsors both local and international, and all the well-wishers willing to make a difference in the society. Obviously, there are those people who are passionate to promote charity work. Secondly, there are those people who love spending their weekends in a place far away from homes and prefer attending events. Thirdly, considering that there will be rewards for the top five people to finish the race, there will be people who will be willing to exercise their talents in the events and maybe emerge the winners. Fourth, there are those people are passionate about charity work and they will find an opportunity to participate and have fun too. Nevertheless, there will be people who will be influenced by their friends and colleagues to attend the event. Putting all these people interested in the event, the event will provide satisfaction to all the people in attendance. The Fundraising event has several benefits to the people in attendance and more profit to the communities living in the locality. The people in attendance will enjoy in the event, execise their bodies and enhance their health, fulfill their desires of spending their weekend in a park and finally feel