A Brief Note On Mixed Health Care System - 1163 Words

Brazil Mixed health care system – The public system has universal health coverage so everyone so everyone can use it at no additional cost. Another 25% of the population has private health insurance and are still entitled to the public healthcare system. In 2014 the federal budget for health care was 106 billion. They have established the SUS (Unified health system) which evaluates the efficiency, safety, effectiveness and cost of different phases of diseases with different technologies. They have created a National health technology incorporation committee which is a multidisciplinary committee that has both technical area and a decision making body which makes assessments with the use of scientific data on the accuracy, safety,†¦show more content†¦India India’s healthcare system can be a conundrum. Most of its 1.2 billion population go without proper healthcare. Only the wealthy can afford to visit private hospitals, stocked with the latest imaging and medical devices. Individual clinics provide cheap basic care and diagnoses, but refer patients to larger hubs for surgery and other complicated care needs. They have a huge demand for equipment and supplies yet spending remains small percentage of per capita spending. High tech high quality products are sought after by corporate groups. The latest 5 year plan from 2012-2017 proposes to expand healthcare by doubling public health spending by 6 % of the 2.5% GDP and plan to increase health coverage from 25%-75%. But since the government lacks infrastructure they are allowing private investors the opportunity, but these new implementations have been delayed by government drawbacks. China They have a very fragmented healthcare system. They have a different branch for every sector from pricing to distribution to reimbursement and payment systems along with registration and approval administration. This has resulted in China being a very difficult country to emerge into for medical companies. Their share of health care expenditures in GDP of 5.4% in 2013. This is the first

Effects of Different Drug Use Short Term and Long Term Essay

Amphetamines are typically used to provide the same effect that pure adrenaline does. The drug is specified for people with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity as well as narcolepsy, although if you decide to abuse the drug and use it for recreational purposes you may start to feel paranoia and nervousness. Using amphetamines can also put a strain on the circulatory system by causing the users blood pressure to increase suddenly. (Amphetamine) Long term psychological effects of the drug can cause something called amphetamine psychosis which is much like paranoid schizophrenia. This could lead towards hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and obsessions. (Amphetamine) Examples of amphetamines include adderall, benzidrine, and†¦show more content†¦His chest was huge, the muscles at the bottom of his neck were bulging, and his arms were thicker than his head. I could tell without knowing for sure that he has been using steroids and I was right. Friends of mine have confirmed my theory as well as give me details of his rage turning into fist fights. Cocaine is a stimulant that reacts within the cells of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Once cocaine has entered your body, the brains nerve cells release dopamine. Afterwards the brain doesn’t allow dopamine to re-enter the brain. At some point the brain lets the dopamine back in, leading to a fast comedown. (Cocaine) The comedown process is much like a hangover which includes stuffed nose, headaches, depression, and lack of concentration. (Cocaine) Using cocaine too often creates a higher tolerance to the drug and this disappoints the user because they need to take more to get as high as they would be during the first couple of times using the drug, which eventually leads to addiction. When the user is addicted, they have acquired cocaine psychosis which can cause paranoia, hallucinations, and violence. (Cocaine) Addiction to cocaine is not beneficial in the long run as you might have guessed. The user eventually develops changes in their mood and they undergo immense mood swings ranging from depression to violence. Paranoia is a typical side effect of long termShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse. What Is Substance Abuse . Substance Abuse1300 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse What is substance abuse Substance abuse is the use of drugs, alcohol, or chemicals. The substance abuse results in physical, psychological, emotional harm to the user or others. People abuse substances such as drugs and alcohol for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that it comes at a significant cost. 0Substance abuse can be recognized through it s signs and behavior changes, as well as short and long term effects. There are various ways however to treat substance abuse.Read MoreThe Facts About Methamphetamine Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthat is associated with this drug. 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Production and Operations Management Communities

Questions: Describe the process by which profits or losses are eroded Comment on productive and allocative efficiency of firms in the model. Choose an industry where monopolistic competition prevails, illustrate and evaluate the behaviour of firms in the market. Answers: Introduction: As per the statement of Feenstra (2016), it can be mentioned that in the monopolistically competitive type market structure, there exists a large number of producers. These producers sale differentiated products. Therefore, it can be stated that the goods and services are not substitutes to each other. The sellers also able to set out the price and the competitors can also reflect their behavior on the pricing strategy. Hence, it can be inferred that product differentiation is the major key determinant to determine the market construction of the monopolistic competition. In the points of Balistreri and Rutherford (2013), it can be mentioned that the market under the monopolistic competition is the collection of perfect competition and the monopoly. The companies participate can freely enter into the market under monopolistic competition. In addition, it can be added that under the aggregate market structure, each firms are acted like a monopolist. Here, the manufacturing goods are differentiated but closely substitutes. The demand curve is also downward sloping. The demand curve of the products can also determine the price of the goods. According to Kirzner (2015), it can be mentioned that each of the companies aim to maximize their profits under monopolistically competition. In this connection, all firms focused to set the output level in such a manner that marginal cost of the market is similar to the marginal revenue. Therefore, the first order condition fir maximize the profit can be described as MR=MC. This is also similar to the market of monopolistic competition. However, the major difference among monopolistic competition and monopoly can be explained as in monopolistic competition, the marginal revenue curve lies above the residual demand curve in the position of demand curve of the market of monopolistic competition. Moreover, Bertoletti and Etro (2015) pointed that residual demand curve in monopolistic competition can be explained as the aggregate market demand curve; it is the net productivity of the producers. In the other words, it can be mentioned that monopolistic competition is a type of market, where there exist a large number of sellers. These sellers focused to sale different type of goods. However, the products are not perfectly substitutes or homogeneous in nature. In the words of Stiglitz Rosengard (2015), the market demand curve is of elastic in nature. In this context, it can be stated that the sellers sale differentiated goods, for which demand curve is elastic in nature. On the other hand, it can be observed that as the firms are closely substitute to the others; therefore, if one firm enhances their prices of the goods, then the consumers will get the chance to switch the firms in order to purchase the goods. However, Collier and Venables (2014) criticized that the demand elasticity of the goods and services under this type of market is not perfectly elastic. Therefore, it can be noticed that there are a small number of competitors under monopolistic competition. The above figure shows that the suppliers of the monopolistically competitive market are supposed to be price makers. The firms will produce at the point of Q. In this level, the marginal cost and the marginal revenue would be similar. The price would be estimated at the point where quantity of the selling products touches the average revenue curve. This situation arises as the participants have the power to control the market under this type of market structure. With the help of this situation, the social dead weight loss can be determined. On the other hand, the green colored shaded region shows the amounts of profits of the firms. This situation has occurred in the short run market. The above figure showed that the firms would be capable to manufacture up to that level where the long run marginal cost curve would touch the marginal revenue curve under the long run monopolistic competition. As per the opinion of Assenza et al., (2015), it can be mentioned that price of the goods would be estimated where the average revenue curve and the quantity crossed each other. As a result, it can be mentioned that the long run companies would break even. In addition, it can be stated that the monopolistic firms would earn their profits in the short run, the effect of monopoly pricing can lowering down the demand in the long run. This would in turn enhance the requirements for the participants to create a differentiation in the products. This will in turn raise the average total cost. As opined by Feenstra (2016), it can be mentioned that decrease in the demand and the increase of cost would in turn make the long run average cost tangent at the point of profit maximizing price of the goods. As a result, this situation has two implications. Firstly, the organizations under the monopolistic competition would produce surplus in the long run. Next, the monopolistically competitive firms would be able to break even under long run and can also earn the economic profitability. The above diagram depicted the shifting of the participants to the long run equilibrium. In the points of Feng, Wang and Zhang (2014), it can be mentioned that if the companies have earned positive as well as higher economic profitability in the monopolistically competitive market, other participants would get the chance to go into the competition. As a result, it can be observed that the market demand curve under the monopolistically competitive market would move towards the leftward. This shifting of demand curve would be continuous until the break even condition would occur within the market. On the other hand, Schweinberger Suedekum (2015) cited that other participants would not be permissible to enter into the marketplace. In the concept of economics, it can be mentioned that the firms of the monopolistically competitive firms are treated as the monopolistic firms. It is identified that the firms have the market power to determine the price of the goods. Hence, it can be stated that the firms are allowed to charge the prices where they are willing to make an influence on the products of the monopolistically competitive market. The price of the products can be evaluated where the profit maximizing level of the production would touch the demand curve. This price level is greater than the marginal cost of the firm. As a result, it can be mentioned that the customers need to pay the price, which is larger than the pricing structure in the perfectly competitive type market. This would in turn highlight the reduction of the consumer surplus. Moreover, it can be added that the producers under the monopolistic competition would produce less products compared to the perfect competition. Therefore, it can be inf erred that the profitability earning would be compensated when they earn higher profits by charging of higher price of the products. As a result, Lucas (2016) mentioned that the producer surplus would be reduced. From the above diagram it can be mentioned that the monopolistic competition creates the social dead weight loss and the inefficiency, which can be represented with the help of the brown colored region. It can be stated that the productive efficiency arises when a firm use all of the sources in an effectual manner. This situation would arise when the commodity price can be evaluated at the level of marginal cost. The marginal cost would be similar to the average cost of then goods. Moreover, Nikaido (2015) opined that the organizations also focused to determine the entire procedure of the products, which is greater than marginal cost in the monopolistic competition. This would indicate the ineffectiveness of the marketplace. This quantity is produced at the level where QM crosses the marginal cost curve. Similarly, it can be stated that the allocative efficiency would take place when a good is produced at the point, which would maximize the social welfare. This situation arises when the cost of the products is equal to the marginal benefits and this is equivalent to the marginal cost. Nonetheless, the price of the manufacturing goods in the monopolistically competitive market would be larger compared to the marginal cost. The market structure would not be allocative effective. According to Calvo Prez (2016), restaurant industry will be an ideal example of monopolistic competition. In the context, it can be stated that there are a number of restaurants in the monopolistic competition. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that there is no barriers to entry as well as no barriers to exit. In the points of Parenti, Ushchev and Thisse (2017), it can be added that every restaurants are closely substitutes to each other in the monopolistic competition. Profit maximization condition: According to Nikaido (2015), it can be mentioned that the restaurants raise the price up to a specific level, which is higher compared to the other restaurants, which also participate in the market. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that all of the restaurants are performing differently from the others, among which some of the individuals have aimed to support constantly. Under this type of market structure, the restaurants can effectively estimate the price level of the individuals, which is also unique. Short run market condition: In the points of Phelan et al. (2017), it can be mentioned that a restaurant would compete with the other restaurants as there are no barriers to exit as well as no barriers to entry. Hence, it can be noticed that the demand curve of the restaurants would be downward sloping. Moreover, it can be stated that the restaurant would aim to raise the price of the products than the other participants. As a result, the visitors would like to visit to the restaurants. The consumers usually like to visit where the price of the products are comparatively lower than the other firms. Hence, the marginal revenue curve of the firms would lie down the demand curve, which is downward sloping. Moreover, the marginal revenue curve of other food substances of the firms would be comparatively cheaper in the entire market price. Long run condition: In the points of Lucas (2016), it can be added that with the entry of new participants in the market place, the availability of getting the food staffs in the restaurants would be raised. If the demand of the food substances would be decreased, then it can be inferred that the demand curve of the restaurants would be highly elastic. As a result, the demand curve would move towards leftward. Therefore, new restaurants would also focus to come into the market place. This entrance of the restaurants into the market place would be continued where the restaurants would be able to earn higher profitability earning. Moreover, it can be added that zero solution would be noticed at the level where the market demand curve would be tangent with the average total cost curve. As a result, it can be inferred that the pricing structure of the food staffs in the restaurants would be decreased and the output level would also be decreased. The behavior of the restaurants in the monopolistic competition can be described in the following manner: Each and every restaurant in the monopolistic competition can take effective decision regarding the price as well as the output level. This pricing structure of the restaurants would be developed depending upon the cost of production of the foods. Information regarding the market structure is increased within the participants. Nonetheless, it is unlikely perfect. In addition, Roper, Love and Bonner (2017) cited that the consumers get the chance to make a re-evaluation about the food substances of the restaurants. This can be accessible within the restaurants before choosing the menus. However, they would not be able to worth the quality as well as the value of the service of the restaurant. In the words of Balistreri Rutherford (2013), it can be mentioned that the risks generated under the monopolistically competitive market, which is associated with the decision making procedure. Moreover, the entrepreneur performed an essential role compared to the other participants within the competition. The participants can also enter or leave from the market freely. Therefore, it can be opined that there are no barriers to entry as well as no barriers to exit within the market. On the other hand, it can be observed that in the monopolistic competition, there are four types of products. According to Stiglitz and Rosengard (2015), it can be identified that the first product differentiation is associated with the physical product differentiation. In this context, it can be stated that the size, design, the performance and the shape of the products are associated with the differentiated products. Secondly, product differentiation is connected with the packaging of the products and the promotional procedure. Next, human capital differentiation is based upon the skills and the knowledge of the employees of the firms. Lastly, it can be stated that product differentiation is depending upon the distribution procedure and in this process, mailing order and the internet shopping can be a greater example, which can efficiently relate this concept. As per the statement of Zhelobodko et al. (2012), the restaurants can take the help of advertisements to promote the service of their organization. As a result, the consumers or the visitors can get clear information about the product specification and can also identify the product differentiation. In the given case study, it can be noticed that Adani Groups Carmichael coal mine is positioned in Galilee Basin, Queensland. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the performance of the organization has released many harmful gases. As a result, third parties have been facing from negative externalities. In this context, it can be mentioned that the first and the second parties are identified such as the producers as well as the consumer respectively. In the opinion of Olabi (2016), it can be mentioned that negative externality is associated with the cost or with the benefits. This has an effect on the third party. They are not supposed to incur cost or the benefit. In addition, it can be mentioned that negative externality is related with the external cost of the products. This above figure identifies the impact of the negative externality. The optimal production quality can be evaluated by the output level Q2. In this level, the negative externality can reflect the output level at Q1. The shaded region can highlight the deadweight loss of the society. Moreover, the impact of negative externalities of the coal mine company can be explained in the following manner: It can reduce the life expectancy as the organization release many harmful gases. The harmful gases are such as ozone, sulphur dioxide. In this connection, it can be mentioned that these gases have the direct and negative impact on the health of the individuals. The respiratory system of the human being would be affected from these harmful gases. As a result, they may admit in the health care centers. Instead of this, the individuals would face from serious diseases and they may suffer from several lungs diseases, ataxia or renal dysfunction etc. Instead of this, Lucas (2016) opined that Adani Groups operation function increase the pollution in the atmosphere. This is considered as the negative externality as this has a negative impact on the individuals. In addition, it can be stated that the third parties are forced to pay for this negative externalities. Therefore, the coal mining company would reflect a negative impact on the negative cost on the individuals. Moreover, Nikaido (2015) cited that this coal mining organization has also discharged green house gas. This green house gas has a negative impact on the environment. From the reviews of report, it can be mentioned that Adani Groups has discharged sulphur around 145 million tons. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the air has been polluting due to the discharging of another harmful gas such as gravely toxic. According to Baumol Blinder (2015), it can be added that negative externality has the indirect effect on the economic operation. Therefore, it can be opined tha t external diseconomy would affect the atmosphere by raising the pollution level. This diagram highlights the impact of external diseconomy. The coal industry is operating in the competitive type market structure. In this purpose, it can be observed that marginal social cost is greater compared to the marginal private cost. Marginal social cost is greater for the reason of external cost. In addition, it can be mentioned that the marginal benefit is connected with the operation of coal mining. Therefore, the marginal social cost is equivalent to the marginal benefit. From the above diagram, it can be stated that the individual private cost can be determined along with the determination of P1 price level and the Q1 level of quantity. On the other hand, it can be added that individual would not choose the effective and higher price level P2 and the effective quantity level Q2. Moreover, social benefit is lower than social benefit. This study is essential to understand the growth of the environmental recompense instruments. This would be able to reduce the negative externality. Moreover, it can be mentioned that ecological services can increase the economic evaluation. Market failure is also related with the operation function of Adani Group. By supervising the performance of the organization, resource developers would be able to restore the well being of the locality. As a result, environmental balances of that place would be improved. References Assenza, T., Grazzini, J., Hommes, C., and Massaro, D. 2015. PQ strategies in monopolistic competition: Some insights from the lab.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,50, 62-77. Balistreri, E. J., and Rutherford, T. F. 2013. Computing general equilibrium theories of monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms.Handbook of Computable General Equilibrium Modeling,1, 1513-1570. Baumol, W. J., and Blinder, A. S. 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bertoletti, P., and Etro, F. 2015. Monopolistic competition when income matters.The Economic Journal. Calvo, J. A. P., and Prez, A. M. J. 2016. Optimal extraction policy when the environmental and social costs of the opencast coal mining activity are internalized: Mining District of the Department of El Cesar (Colombia) case study.Energy Economics,59, 159-166. Collier, P., and Venables, A. J. 2014. Closing coal: economic and moral incentives.Oxford Review of Economic Policy,30(3), 492-512. Erku?-ztrk, H., and Terhorst, P. 2016. Innovative restaurants in a mass-tourism city: Evidence from Antalya.Tourism Management,54, 477-489. Feenstra, R. C. 2016. Gains from Trade Under Monopolistic Competition.Pacific Economic Review,21(1), 35-44. Feng, S., Wang, D., and Zhang, X. 2014. Study on Ecological Compensation for Coal Mining Activities Based on Economic Externalities.Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection,2(02), 151. Kirzner, I. M. 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lucas, A. 2016. Stranded assets, externalities and carbon risk in the Australian coal industry: The case for contraction in a carbon-constrained world.Energy Research and Social Science,11, 53-66. Nikaido, H. 2015.Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Olabi, A. G. 2016. Energy quadrilemma and the future of renewable energy.Energy,108, 1-6. Parenti, M., Ushchev, P., and Thisse, J. F. 2017. Toward a theory of monopolistic competition.Journal of Economic Theory,167, 86-115. Park, S. J., Cachon, G. P., Lai, G., and Seshadri, S. 2015. Supply chain design and carbon penalty: monopoly vs. monopolistic competition.Production and Operations Management,24(9), 1494-1508. Phelan, A. A., Dawes, L., Costanza, R., and Kubiszewski, I. 2017. Evaluation of social externalities in regional communities affected by coal seam gas projects: A case study from Southeast Queensland.Ecological Economics,131, 300-311. Roberts, K. 2014. The limit points of monopolistic competition.Noncooperative Approaches to the Theory of Perfect Competition,3, 141. Roper, S., Love, J. H., and Bonner, K. (2017). Firms knowledge search and local knowledge externalities in innovation performance.Research Policy,46(1), 43-56. Schweinberger, A. G., and Suedekum, J. (2015). De-industrialization and entrepreneurship under monopolistic competition.Oxford Economic Papers,67(4), 1174-1185. Stiglitz, J. E., and Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton and Company. Zhelobodko, E., Kokovin, S., Parenti, M., and Thisse, J. F. (2012). Monopolistic competition: Beyond the constant elasticity of substitution.Econometrica,80(6), 2765-2784.

Memo and Notice of Meeting Example free essay sample

Please be reminded that prompt and efficient service is the key to a successful business. The clients you serve are the business’ future and maintaining a good relationship with them is very important. A good relationship with clients can only be maintained through Prompt and Efficient Service. Delivering, collecting and repairing machines promptly is vital to the survival of a company. Therefore, you are reminded to act promptly. It is also important that there be proper communication with clients if there is a problem. We almost lost a client as a result of improper behaviour. TES VOLUNTARY CARERS ASSOCIATION NOTICE OF MEETING The TES Voluntary Carers Association, Manchester Division, Monthly meeting will be held on Tuesday, March 27 2011 at 9:00 am in Room 803 on the 3rd floor of the Technical Ed. Building St Hews College, 252 Manchester Road Mandeville AGENDA 1Call to Order 2Invocation 3Welcome/ Apologies 4Minutes of last Meeting 5Matter arising from Minutes 6Correspondence 7Reports (a)Director of Social and inter clubbing (b)Treasurer’s report 8New Business 9Any Other Business 10Date of next Meeting 11Adjournment extra words The field slaves had the most difficult time among the different slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Memo and Notice of Meeting Example or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They had to work longer than any other kind of slave. They usually worked from sunrise to sunset in comparison to the house slaves who only worked a few hours. House slaves were treated far better than the field slaves as some were treated like the slave-owner’s children. The House slaves were kept clean, well dressed, and were allowed to speak much more often because they served the food to the owners and their guests. In fact the house slaves were allowed to eat in the house, not at the table but usually in a back room. As for the FS, they usually ate out in the barn with the animals and were only fed enough to keep them strong enough to work. Field slaves were often whipped, sometimes for without a reason. Their jobs included hoeing, harvesting, ploughing, mowing etc. However, all the slaves whether domestic, factory or field had some things in common in terms of their lifestyle. Most of the slaves were illiterate and the masters did what they could to keep them this way for various reasons. Slaves were allocated a region of the plantation for their living quarters. Slaves houses were usually wooden shacks with dirt floors, but sometimes houses were made of boards nailed up with cracks stuffed with rags. The beds were collected pieces of straw or grass, and old rags, and only one blanket for a covering. A single room could have up to a dozen people-men, women, and children. Another similarity they shared was that they all had a master who they had to obey. They would be punished for murder, robbery, arson or assault upon a white person. Slaves could be killed for murder, burglary, arson, and assault upon a white person. Plantation owners believed that this severe discipline would make the slaves too scared to rebel. Slaves were also whipped.